Summary
In New York City Tunnel Auth. v Consolidated Edison Co. of N Y (295 N.Y. 467, 476) this court stated that an authority, in setting and collecting charges for the use of its facilities, was engaged in a governmental function which therefore did not require it to compensate privately owned public utilities for displacement of their cables, pipes, and the like.
Summary of this case from Carey v. Triborough AuthOpinion
Argued May 23, 1946
Decided July 23, 1946
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department, COLLINS, J.
John J. Bennett, Corporation Counsel ( Henry Epstein, Charles C. Weinstein and Andrew Bellanca of counsel), for appellant. Leander I. Shelley and Daniel B. Goldberg for The Port of New York Authority, amicus curiae. Horace R. Lamb, Thomas H. Beardsley, Carl M. Abromeit, Irving W. Young, Earle M. Simonson and Ralph W. Brown for respondents.
Plaintiff, New York City Tunnel Authority, a public benefit corporation, was created for the purpose of constructing the Queens Midtown Tunnel (L. 1936, ch. 1; Public Authorities Law, art. 3, tit. 6). In the construction of the approaches to the tunnel it was necessary to relocate certain public utility facilities maintained by defendants in public streets within the area of the approaches. This work was made necessary because the grades of certain streets were changed and the street lines of others altered. Above and below the surface of these streets, defendants under their franchise rights maintained various pipes, cables, ducts, conduits, steam mains and other public utility structures. Plaintiff notified defendants to take the necessary steps at their expense to maintain, protect, restore, and, if necessary, to relocate their facilities affected by the construction of the tunnel. Defendants refused to comply unless reimbursed for their expense. The work of reconstruction and relocation was performed by plaintiff's contractors and in some instances by defendants who received payment from the contractors. It was agreed that these arrangements should not prejudice the legal rights of the parties with respect to the ultimate liability for the expense.
The amount expended by plaintiff for this work aggregated $536,200, of which $535,500 is applicable to the facilities of the respondents and $700 is applicable to the facilities of the other two defendants, and plaintiff brought this action to recover these amounts with interest.
In Special Term, plaintiff moved for summary judgment and respondents made cross motions to dismiss the complaint. All motions were denied by Mr. Justice COLLINS "in view of the serious, doubtful legal and factual issues raised". The Appellate Division, First Department, upon appeal by respondents, unanimously reversed upon questions of law and dismissed the complaint, and, upon appeal by plaintiff, affirmed the order of Special Term denying the motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff's appeal from the judgment dismissing the complaint as to respondents also brings up for review, under section 580 of the Civil Practice Act, the order affirming the Special Term order which denied plaintiff's motion for summary judgment.
The Appellate Division, reasoning that plaintiff was exercising a proprietary and not a governmental function in the construction and operation of the tunnel, ruled that the relocation of defendants' facilities was necessarily a part of the cost to be borne by the authority. With that determination we disagree.
Plaintiff, a board consisting of three members, appointed by the mayor and serving without compensation, was designated as "a body corporate and politic constituting a public benefit corporation" (Public Authorities Law, § 627), and authorized to construct, maintain and operate various vehicular tunnels in the city of New York (§ 629, subd. 9; § 626, subd. 8). It was given the power to sue and be sued; to acquire, hold and dispose of personal property for its corporate purposes; to acquire, in the name of the city, by purchase or condemnation, real property, including that of public utility corporations, necessary or convenient for its corporate purposes; to make by-laws for the management and regulation of its affairs; to use with the consent of the city the employees and facilities of the city, paying the latter its agreed proportion of the cost or compensation; to make contracts; to accept grants or loans from Federal agencies; to fix and collect tolls, rentals and other charges; to borrow money and issue bonds; and "to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out the powers expressly given" (§ 629, subd. 17).
The authority's construction contracts are made by public letting in the manner provided in the New York City Charter for city contracts (§ 635). The city comptroller handles the money of the authority (§ 636). The act also contains a commitment by the State to the bondholders to the effect that it will not authorize a competitive project (§ 638). Its property and activities are tax exempt (§ 641) and its bonds are subject only to transfer and estate taxes (§ 641, subd. (2) and § 641-a). Its existence continues until all its bonds and liabilities are discharged and at that time all its rights and properties pass to the city of New York (§ 627).
Pursuant to the authorization contained in the law, plaintiff prepared plans for the Queens Midtown Tunnel which were approved by the city's board of estimate and apportionment. The tunnel was laid out under the East River from East 40th Street, Manhattan, to Fifth Street, Queens, and within the lines of First Avenue from East 40th Street to East 37th Street, Manhattan, and Borden Avenue from Fifth Street to Vernon Boulevard, Queens. The facilities in question were located in certain of these streets. No part of them was under the East River.
Since its completion, plaintiff has operated the tunnel and charged a toll for its use.
The "fundamental common-law right applicable to franchises in streets" is that a utility company must relocate its facilities in the public streets when changes are required by public necessity. ( Transit Comm. v. Long Island R.R. Co. [ Bell Ave. case], 253 N.Y. 345, 353.) The rule finds succinct statement in that case (253 N.Y., at p. 351): "Although authorized to lay its pipes in the public streets, the company takes the risk of their location and is bound to make such changes as the public convenience and security require, at its own cost and charge. ( Chicago, Burlington Quincy R.R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226; New Orleans Gas Light Co. v. Drainage Commission, 197 U.S. 453; Chicago, Burlington Quincy R.R. Co. v. Drainage Commrs., 200 U.S. 561; Lake Shore Michigan Southern R. Co. v. Clough, 242 U.S. 375; Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Ry. Co. v. City of Minneapolis, 232 U.S. 430; National Water Works Co. v. City of Kansas, 28 Fed. Rep. 921; Matter of Petition of Deering, 93 N.Y. 361; Chace Trucking Co. v. Richmond Light R.R. Co., 225 N.Y. 435.) All these cases are to the point, that these public service corporations maintain their rights in the streets, subject to reasonable regulation and control, and are bound to relocate their structures at their own expense whenever the public health, safety or convenience requires the change to be made."
If this rule is not to apply here, the distinction must lie in the nature of the project, the character of the authority, or the intent of the Legislature as shown by the enabling statute.
So far as the project is concerned, it is plainly a public highway improvement since a highway can be carried across a body of water only by bridge or tunnel. The rule cited is peculiarly applicable to street changes required for improved use for the streets themselves. ( Matter of Petition of Deering, 93 N.Y. 361. ) The project is, therefore, one which would have required respondents to relocate at their own expense, had it been undertaken directly by either the State or the city. Nor do the respondents contend otherwise. As to its character — the statute provides that the authority shall be "a body corporate and politic" (§ 627), a description adequate for the city itself. Beyond that, the Legislature has declared (§ 641, subd. [1]): "It is hereby found, determined and declared that the creation of the authority and the carrying out of its corporate purposes is in all respects for the benefit of the people of the state of New York, for the improvement of their health and welfare, and for the increase of their commerce and prosperity, and is a public purpose, and the authority shall be regarded as performing an essential governmental function in the exercise of the powers conferred upon it by this title * * *"; and it has further announced (§ 641-a): "* * * the project is an essential part of the public highway system and the authority will be performing an essential governmental function in the exercise of the powers conferred by this title * * *." These provisions make clear that the authority is more than a private corporation; indeed, as has already been judicially observed, it is an agent of the State. ( Bachmann v. New York City Tunnel Authority, 47 N.Y.S.2d 767, 769, affd. 263 App. Div. 945, appeal dismissed, 288 N.Y. 707, certiorari denied, 317 U.S. 675.)
Nor does the circumstance that tolls are charged in order to finance the improvement change either the character of that improvement or the character of the authority. We may take judicial notice of the fact that, when this authority was created, many municipalities of the State were struggling to finance public improvements which could not be undertaken upon their own direct credit, either because of constitutional debt limitations or because of the disinclination or inability to burden further the traditional taxpayer. The imposition of a toll or charge for the use of the new improvement does not make the operation a business enterprise carried on for profit, as the Appellate Division suggested. Rather, it creates a new class of taxpayers thought to be more justly charged with the cost of the new improvement. The Legislature's choice of the incidence of this taxation should not, and does not, change applicable principles. Imposing no new burdens on respondents, it was certainly not intended to relieve them of obligations to which they were subject by well-established rules. (Cf. Robertson v. Zimmermann [ Buffalo Sewer Authority case], 268 N.Y. 52; Brush v. Commissioner, 300 U.S. 352.)
The Legislature might, of course, have required the authority to pay the expenses of the character here involved — or to reimburse those who laid them out — and respondents contend that the statute so provides. This argument is two-pronged. Respondents argue, first, that the Legislature failed to delegate to the authority expressly its own police power and that in the absence of such a delegation the authority was not intended to be vested with it; and, second, that the power of condemnation given to plaintiff (§ 629) with respect to "easements", "structures", "franchises" — as well as the power to pay for damages to real estate — carries a fair intendment that the authority was to pay for the charges here in question. It seems to us that neither contention has merit.
The enabling act, it is true, does not contain any delegation of police power in haec verba, but such language is at best rare; it is not contained in any of the statutes governing similar projects, to which our attention has been called. The legislation does, however, contain the language — to which we have already referred — clothing this authority with the attributes of delegated sovereignty as a State agency. Such language would be fully adequate for the purpose even apart from the well-settled rule of construction — announced in the Bell Avenue case — that the power is to be implied unless expressly negatived (253 N.Y., at pp. 354-355).
The conclusion here reached is in accord with decisions in other jurisdictions. ( New Jersey Bell Tel. Co. v. Delaware River Joint Comm., 125 N.J.L. 235; Delaware River Joint Commission case, 342 Pa. 119; Phila. Electric Co. v. Commonwealth, 311 Pa. 542; Bell Telephone Co. v. Penn. P.U.C., 139 Pa. Sup. Ct. 529.)
The judgment and order should be reversed and plaintiff's motion for summary judgment granted, with costs in all courts.
LOUGHRAN, Ch. J., LEWIS, CONWAY, DESMOND and THACHER, JJ., concur; DYE, J., taking no part.
Judgment accordingly.