Opinion
No. 35752.
January 22, 1945.
1. TRIAL.
Where negligence is subject of the action, instructions must confine verdict to grounds of negligence alleged and in support of which there has been substantial proof.
2. TRIAL.
An instruction which will allow jury to find negligence, without giving a guide as to what specific acts or omissions within pleadings and proof are sufficient to constitute actionable negligence, is erroneous.
3. TRIAL.
Roving instructions authorizing recovery for death of deceased when struck by train if jury believed on preponderance of evidence that defendant railroad was guilty of any negligence which might have caused or contributed to injury was erroneous, and error was not cured by giving of two instructions requiring jury to find for defendant railroad unless they believed from evidence that decedent was struck at crossing.
4. EVIDENCE.
In action for death of pedestrian struck by train, statement by pedestrian at hospital following injury that he was struck at crossing was not admissible as a dying declaration.
5. COURTS.
Every ruling of trial judge is the law of the case in trial then being conducted, and during trial the only appeal on the law is to trial judge himself and to get him to change his ruling.
6. TRIAL.
An attempt by party to go over head of trial judge by contriving to get to the jury what judge has held to be inadmissible may open proceedings to a motion for mistrial.
7. TRIAL.
In action for death of pedestrian struck by train, where deposition of fireman was taken by defendant railroad because he was then in services of armed forces but was not introduced by them, plaintiffs' use of deposition, as if it had been introduced, in examination of other witnesses was improper.
8. RAILROADS.
In action for death of pedestrian struck by train, testimony offered for purpose of showing that fireman was drunk immediately after the accident was not admissible, in absence of showing that anything done or omitted by fireman had any causal connection with pedestrian's injuries.
9. RAILROADS.
Where an injury has occurred to a person on a public railroad crossing, failure to ring bell or sound whistle as required by statute will raise presumption prima facie that injured person would have heard and acted upon the warning had it been given, and if an opposite conclusion is to be reached the burden is upon railroad company to meet presumption by proof.
APPEAL from the circuit court of Lauderdale county, HON. JESSE H. GRAHAM, Judge.
Ben F. Cameron and Lester E. Wills, both of Meridian, for appellants.
There is not sufficient credible evidence to support the theory that Miles was struck on the 33rd Avenue crossing.
Truckers Exchange Bank v. Conroy, 190 Miss. 242, 199 So. 301; Columbus G.R. Co. v. Coleman, 172 Miss. 514, 160 So. 277; Kramer Service Co. v. Wilkins, 184 Miss. 483, 186 So. 625; Supreme Instruments Corporation v. Lehr, 190 Miss. 600, 1 So.2d 242; Teche Lines v. Bounds, 182 Miss. 638, 179 So. 747; Jakup v. Lewis Grocer Co. et al., 190 Miss. 444, 200 So. 597; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Lamensdorf, 180 Miss. 426, 177 So. 50, 178 So. 80; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. Roberson, 186 Miss. 507, 191 So. 494; New Orleans N.E.R. Co. v. Holsomback, 168 Miss. 493, 151 So. 720; Hancock v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 158 Miss. 668, 131 So. 83; Mobile O.R. Co. v. Bryant, 159 Miss. 528, 132 So. 539.
There is no credible evidence that the city ordinance requiring a flagman on the front end of the cut of cars was not complied with.
Supreme Instruments Corp. v. Lehr, supra; Thomas v. Williamson, 185 Miss. 83, 187 So. 220; Southern R. Co. v. Buse, 187 Miss. 752, 193 So. 918.
There is no evidence that failure to comply with the bell and whistle statute was a proximate cause of Miles' injury, even if the statute is applicable.
New Orleans N.E.R. Co. v. Burge, 191 Miss. 303, 2 So.2d 825; Billingsley v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 100 Miss. 612, 56 So. 790.
Plaintiffs' liability instructions are erroneous in that they do not sufficiently define "negligence," and in that they omit entirely one important issue, to-wit, whether Miles was injured on the 33rd Avenue crossing.
McDonough Motor Express v. Spiers, 180 Miss. 78, 176 So. 723; Federal Compress Co. v. Craig, 192 Miss. 689, 7 So.2d 532; Ross v. Louisville N.R. Co., 181 Miss. 795, 181 So. 133; Graham v. Brummett, 182 Miss. 580, 181 So. 721; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Aultman, 179 Miss. 109, 173 So. 280; J.W. Sanders Cotton Mill v. Moody, 189 Miss. 284, 195 So. 683; Dixie Stock Yard v. Ferguson, 192 Miss. 166, 4 So.2d 724; Lackey v. St. Louis S.F.R. Co., 102 Miss. 339, 59 So. 97; Buckwalter Lumber Co. v. Wright, 159 Miss. 470, 132 So. 443; Graves v. Johnson, 179 Miss. 465, 176 So. 256; Columbus G.R. Co. v. Robinson, 189 Miss. 675, 198 So. 745; Genola v. Ozburn, 194 Miss. 235, 11 So.2d 910; Jefferson v. Yazoo M.V.R. Co., 195 Miss. 450, 15 So.2d 681.
Plaintiffs' Instruction No. 5 is improper, in that the jury was instructed that the city ordinance requiring a flagman on the head-end of the cut of cars applied to a person "in close proximity" to the crossing.
Gulf, M. N.R. Co. v. Hardy, 151 Miss. 131, 117 So. 536.
Plaintiffs' instruction on measure of damages is defective in that it permits recovery for mental anguish not connected with physical pain, and in that their damages are not required to be established by a preponderance of the evidence.
M. A. Motor Freight Lines v. Villere, 190 Miss. 848, 1 So.2d 788; Mobile O.R. Co. v. Flannagan, 141 Miss. 7, 105 So. 749; Mississippi Power Co. v. Byrd, 160 Miss. 71, 133 So. 193; Doherty v. Mississippi Power Co., 178 Miss. 204, 173 So. 287.
The speed of the switching movement was not illegal and was not a proximate cause of Miles' injury, and the jury should have been so instructed.
Howell v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 75 Miss. 242, 21 So. 746; Bufkin v. Louisville N.R. Co., 161 Miss. 594, 137 So. 517; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Aultman, supra; Code of 1942, Sec. 7782; Ordinances of the City of Meridian, Sec. 57.
The testimony as to the alleged drunkenness of fireman Pryor should not have been admitted, and the objections thereto, the motion for continuance and motion for mistrial based thereon should have been sustained.
Crosby v. Columbus G.R. Co., 182 Miss. 771, 181 So. 139; Simon v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, 179 Miss. 568, 176 So. 160.
The several motions for mistrial should have been sustained because of the prejudicial actions of plaintiffs and their attorneys in repeating questions to which objections had been sustained, making improper and inflammatory comments and arguments, and the like.
Gulf, M. N.R. Co. v. Weldy, 195 Miss. 345, 14 So.2d 340; White's Market Grocery Co. v. John, 153 Miss. 860, 121 So. 825; Mars v. Hendon, 178 Miss. 157, 171 So. 880; Dement v. Summer, 175 Miss. 290, 165 So. 791; New Orleans N.E.R. Co. v. Jackson, 140 Miss. 375, 105 So. 770; Sanders Cotton Mill v. Moody, supra; Mississippi Power Co. v. Stribling, 191 Miss. 832, 3 So.2d 807; Newman Lumber Co. v. Norris, 130 Miss. 751, 94 So. 881; Morrell Packing Co. v. Branning, 155 Miss. 376, 124 So. 356; Brush v. Laurendine, 168 Miss. 7, 150 So. 818; Brown et al. v. Jacoby et al. (Ohio), 9 N.E.2d 693; Carlston v. Shenson (Cal.), 117 P.2d 408; C. N.R. Co. v. Kelly, 74 F.2d 31; Hubach v. Cole (Ohio), 31 N.E.2d 736; Entzminger v. Seigler (S.C.), 195 S.E. 244; 109 A.L.R. 1089, note; Birmingham Baptist Hospital v. Blackwell, 221 Ala. 225, 128 So. 389; L. N.R. Co. v. Payne, 133 Ky. 539, 118 S.W. 352; 64 C.J., Secs. 527, 559.
The instructions of one party will not be held to cure erroneous instructions for the other if the two read together are in conflict or are irreconcilable or are misleading, or if the erroneous instructions are not supplemented by the good ones so as to make the composite picture accurate and understandable.
Hunt v. Sherrill, 195 Miss. 688, 15 So.2d 426; May v. Culpepper, 177 Miss. 811, 172 So. 336; Chadwick v. Bush, 174 Miss. 75, 163 So. 823; City of Meridian v. King, 194 Miss. 162, 11 So.2d 205, 830; Jackson v. Leggett, 186 Miss. 123, 189 So. 180; Johnson v. Columbus G.R. Co., 192 Miss. 627, 7 So.2d 517; Alabama V.R. Co. v. Cox, 106 Miss. 33, 63 So. 334; Ellis v. Ellis, 160 Miss. 345, 134 So. 150; Godfrey v. Meridian Ry. Light Co., 101 Miss. 565, 58 So. 534. Nate S. Williamson and E.T. Strange, both of Meridian, for appellees.
Decedent sustained his fatal injuries as a proximate result of the negligence of railroad company in backing a chain of cars over frequently traveled 33rd Avenue in Meridian on a dark night without ringing a bell or blowing a whistle as required by Section 7777 of the Code of 1942.
Gulf S.I.R. Co. v. Simmons et al., 150 Miss. 506, 117 So. 345; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Beasley et al., 158 Miss. 370, 130 So. 499; Mississippi Cent. R. Co. v. Smith, 173 Miss. 507, 154 So. 533; Columbus G.R. Co. v. Lee, 149 Miss. 543, 115 So. 782; DiGrazio v. Pa. R. Co., 261 Pa. 364, 104 A. 596.
Appellants negligently violated common law rules of negligence by backing cars over 33rd Avenue crossing in the City of Meridian during dark night without having competent flagman on rear end thereof, in the direction said cars were moving, to signal the engineer of any person or vehicle on the crossing, being or appearing to be in danger by reason of the movement of such cars, at a time when said cars were not provided and equipped with a light on the rear end thereof, in the direction said cars were moving, and at a time when said backing cars were not provided with any competent servant of the railroad company preceding it, proximately resulting in fatal injury to decedent, who was struck on crossing by said backing cars, at a time when said cars were being backed at a rate of speed estimated to be from 3 to 15 miles an hour.
New Orleans, J. G.N.R. Co. v. Field, 46 Miss. 573; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Beasley et al., supra; Kraemer v. Louisville N.R. Co., 144 La. 57, 80 So. 198; Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago St. Louis R. Co., Appt. v. Lydia O. Terrell, 95 N.E. 1109, 42 L.R.A. (N.S.) 367; Code of 1942, Sec. 7772; Ordinances of the City of Meridian, Sec. 58.
This Court has but to read the instructions to know that when read together there are no reversible errors in them and to further know that the instructions granted by the court at the request of the defendants were more favorable than the defendants deserved or were entitled to and the instructions granted at the request of the defendants answer and repudiate their own arguments.
New Orleans N.E.R. Co. et al. v. Square (Miss.), 119 So. 832; Meridian Coca-Cola Co. et al. v. Watson et al., 161 Miss. 108, 134 So. 824, 141 So. 286; Gulf Refining Co. et al. v. Miller et al., 153 Miss. 741, 121 So. 482; Lindsey Wagon Co. v. Nix, 108 Miss. 814, 67 So. 459; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Messina, 109 Miss. 143, 67 So. 963; Alabama V.R. Co. v. McGee, 117 Miss. 370, 78 So. 296; Teche Lines, Inc., v. Bounds, 182 Miss. 638, 179 So. 747; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Beasley et al., supra; Armstrong v. Gulf S.I.R. Co., 115 Miss. 698, 76 So. 624; Gulf S.I.R. Co. v. Williamson, 162 Miss. 726, 139 So. 601; Mobile O.R. Co. v. Watly, 69 Miss. 145. 13 So. 825; Alabama V.R. Co. v. Kelly, 126 Miss. 276, 88 So. 707; Louisville N.R. Co. v. Garnett, 129 Miss. 795, 93 So. 241; Jones v. Union Foundry Co., 171 Ala. 225, 55 So. 153; Southern R. Co. v. Hobbs, 151 Ala. 335, 43 So. 844; Cameron Barkley Co. v. Law-Engle Co. (Fla.), 124 So. 814.
It has been generally held that dying declarations are not admissible in civil cases. However, in certain jurisdictions dying declarations are, under certain conditions, admissible in civil cases, and in some of the jurisdictions such declarations are permitted in evidence as a result of statutory regulation. Where such declarations are admitted, they are received generally on the theory that the conscious danger of impending death is equivalent to the sanction of an oath.
31 C.J.S. 987, Sec. 238.
A judgment or decree will not be reversed for the admission of incompetent evidence, when supported by other and competent evidence.
Union Planters' Bank Trust Co. v. Rylee, 130 Miss. 892, 94 So. 796; Sample et al. v. Romine, 193 Miss. 706, 8 So.2d 257.
Argued orally by Ben F. Cameron, for appellants, and by Nate S. Williamson, for appellees.
Appellees, the widow and children of Harvey Miles deceased, instituted an action in tort against defendants alleging that by their negligence the deceased was fatally injured by a cut of loaded coal cars being backed in a switching operation across and beyond 33rd Avenue in the City of Meridian. The declaration, when analyzed, alleges that the decedent was struck either (1) at the crossing, or (2) in close proximity thereto, or (3) at some point in close proximity to a well beaten and frequently traveled path extending in a westerly direction alongside the switch track; and the negligence alleged is (a) that the statutory crossing signal by bell or whistle was not given; (b) that no flagman was on the end of the cut of backing cars to give warning at the crossing as required by a city ordinance; (c) that no flagman or other employee gave any warning beyond said crossing when it should have been anticipated that persons would be on or along the paths aforementioned; (d) that defendant had negligently failed to have the crossing properly lighted; (e) that the said cut of cars were being switched at an excessive and dangerous rate of speed, and (f) that one or more members of the switching crew were under the influence of intoxicating liquor. It is undisputed that the injury occurred at night and that when the rescuers reached the deceased he was found about eleven car lengths, not counting engine and tender, west of the crossing.
We believe it to be reasonably clear from this record, either as to what is shown by it or as to anything it cogently suggests, that unless decedent was struck in or upon the avenue crossing there is no liability. The record and briefs have been fully examined by two judges and fully reported at not less than two conferences as required by our usual procedure, and as a result not one of us can say that he believes it reasonably probable that the initial injury occurred in or on the avenue crossing; wherefore the first question is whether there is enough evidence on that issue under cases such as Truckers Exchange Bank v. Conroy, 190 Miss. 242, 199 So. 301, to escape a peremptory charge. As to this we have been divided in opinion, but inasmuch as the judgment must be reversed upon the instructions we resolve the doubt as to the peremptory in favor of the plaintiffs, and in the hope that, when a new trial is confined to the one controlling issue, free from the distractions and confusions of other issues not pertinent to the initial injury as having occurred in or on the avenue crossing, a better and more dependable record may be presented to another jury.
Instruction No. 1 granted at the request of plaintiffs reads as follows:
"The court instructs the jury for the plaintiffs that if you believe from the preponderance of the evidence that the defendant railroad company or any of its servants or agents negligently caused a train of cars or any one of the cars in the train about which the witnesses have testified, to injure Harvey Miles on or about the night of July 17, 1943 and that he suffered and died as a proximate result thereof, then in that event it is the duty of the jury to render your verdict for the plaintiffs."
Instruction No. 4 for plaintiffs is as follows:
"The court instructs the jury for the plaintiffs that if you believe from a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant railroad company, acting by and through its servants, agents or employees, or any one of them, at the time and place about which the witnesses have testified, operated a train of cars in such a way as to negligently endanger the life and limb of any person or the safety of any property, and that said negligence, if any, proximately caused injury to and the death of Harvey Miles, or proximately contributed, in whole or in part, to the injuries and death of Harvey Miles, then in that event, it is your sworn duty to find for the plaintiffs, and this is true without regard to whether Harvey Miles was or was not negligent."
Plaintiffs' instruction No. 6 reads as follows:
"The court instructs the jury for the plaintiffs that if you believe from a preponderance of the evidence that has been admitted under the supervision of the court for your consideration in this case, that the defendant railroad company, acting by and through any of its servants or agents, was guilty of any negligence which proximately caused injury to or the death of Harvey Miles, or that proximately contributed, in whole or in part, to the injuries and death suffered and sustained by Harvey Miles on the occasion about which the witnesses have testified in this case, it will be your sworn duty to render your verdict for the plaintiffs whether Harvey Miles was or was not guilty of contributory negligence."
Instructions No. 5 is to the same effect and contains also the phrase "at the time and place about which the witnesses have testified" which is found in the copied Instruction No. 4. We especially call attention to the phrase in Instruction No. 6 which allowed recovery if the jury believed from the preponderance of the evidence that defendant was guilty of any negligence which proximately caused or contributed to the injury. (Italics ours.)
When negligence is the subject of the action, the instructions must confine the verdict to the ground or grounds of negligence alleged and in support of which there has been substantial proof. 1 Reid's Brannon Instructions to Juries, p. 325, sec. 117. In Hines v. McCullers, 121 Miss. 666, 676, 83 So. 734, the Court said that this rule is elementary. It is elementary, and for obvious reasons, that an instruction which will allow a jury to find negligence without giving a guide as to what specific acts or omissions within the pleadings and proof are sufficient to constitute actionable negligence is erroneous. In support of the rule as stated we need go no further than to cite the apt and forcible language of McGowen, J., in Graham v. Brummett, 182 Miss. 580, 591, 181 So. 721. To the same effect, however, is McDonough Motor Express v. Spiers, 180 Miss. 78, 176 So. 723, 177 So. 655, and Ross v. Louisville N.R. Co., 181 Miss. 795, 181 So. 133, 134 — it being pointed out in the latter case that an instruction which does not conform to the rule "not only opens the field to any sort of negligence but as well to what the particular jury under its particular notions might deem to be negligence, although not such under the established law of the land." See also Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Aultman, 179 Miss. 109, 120, 173 So. 280.
Appellees seek to avoid the effect of the obvious error by taking refuge in two instructions granted at the request of appellees by which the jury were charged that unless they believed from the evidence that decedent was struck at the crossing they must find for the defendant, and appellees say that by thus specifically limiting the jury to that particular point the roving instructions granted to the appellees were cured. In Hines v. McCullers, supra, there was an instruction for the defendants which undertook to limit the issue, but it was held that this did not cure the error. See page 677 of 121 Miss., page 737 of 83 So. But if we lay that authority entirely aside, it is to be noted that the roving instructions Nos. 4 and 5 granted to appellees referred the jury to "the time and place about which the witnesses have testified," when the witnesses had testified about times and places all the way from the crossing to the place where the decedent was found more than four hundred feet away; so that the instructions were contradictory and not curative.
Although plaintiffs did not confine themselves either by allegation or by offered proof to the assertion that the initial injury occurred in or on the crossing, it is evident that it was their main effort so to show. As a part of this effort, the plaintiffs undertook to prove that at the hospital following the injury, the injured man made a dying declaration in which he stated that he was struck at the crossing. The court sustained the objection to this offer, and correctly so. A century ago in McDaniel v. State, 8 Smedes M. 401, 415, 47 Am. Dec. 93, it was declared as the rule in this state that "the admission of such declarations in any case is an exception to the general rule of evidence," and that: "It is only permitted in cases of homicide, and the exception stands upon the ground of the public necessity of preserving the lives of the community, by bringing man-slayers to justice." This is the common law rule in every state, save one. The right of cross-examination is one of the most valuable, not only to an opposite party but to the general administration of justice, which our procedure affords, and only the public necessity mentioned by our court has ever in this jurisdiction been considered as sufficient to justify the withdrawal of that right.
Appellants complain that, although the court had ruled that the dying declaration of the injured man was inadmissible, the plaintiffs continued to press the matter and in various ways, in the examination of other witnesses, contrived to get before the jury what the dying man said about where he was hit, thereby forcing the defendants into repeated objections upon the same matter, and thus so impressing the jury about it that they could neither forget nor disregard it, and by a special bill of exceptions they say that plaintiffs persisted, even in their arguments to the jury, in recurring to the excluded matter.
Inasmuch as the judgment must be reversed for errors in instructions, already mentioned, we do not pursue the record in detail to ascertain whether the complaint mentioned in the foregoing paragraph is in fact sustained by the transcript. But because the case is to be retried we state the applicable rule so that if it was transgressed, a transgression of it may be avoided in the new trial — and in all trials.
Every ruling, all singular, of the trial judge is the law of the case in the trial then being conducted. During the trial the only appeal on the law is to the trial judge himself and to get him to change his ruling; and on any argument to that end, if the matter is of serious import, it should as a rule be had, if the other side so requests, in the absence of the jury. To go over the head of the trial judge by contriving nevertheless to get to the jury what the judge has held to be inadmissible is to appeal from the judge to the jury, when under our constitutional system the judge is the exclusive agent of the state to decide what is the law in trials, including what is or is not competent evidence. It was declared by this court in a criminal case some years ago — citation to which we are not able at this moment to find — and we reaffirm it as applicable to civil as well as to criminal trials, that a substantial violation of the stated rule will open the proceedings to a motion for a mistrial. The rule is succinctly stated in 39 Am. Jur., p. 81 as follows: "So, it will constitute ground for a new trial if counsel, in disregard of the court's ruling that a certain line of evidence is inadmissible, persists in attempting to get the evidence before the jury to the prejudice of the opposite party."
In the further interest of the validity of a new trial we deem it proper that we should mention the following matters, but which we must do in a brief matter because of the length to which this opinion has already progressed. There was no duty on the railroad company to maintain a light or a permanent watchman at the crossing. Nor do we see, as a probability, that the speed of the cars at the crossing could have had any causal connection with the injury — not to stress the point that it would seem highly improbable, if not impossible, that a cut of thirteen loaded coal cars backed by an ordinary switch engine could have attained, on a rough and curved track, the speed claimed by appellees in the 366 feet between the point of the switch and the crossing. The deposition of the fireman, Pryor, taken by defendants because he was then in the services of the armed forces, was not introduced by them. Nevertheless plaintiffs used it, as if it had been introduced, in the examination of other witnesses, a procedure which, of course, was improper. And plaintiffs went at length in the introduction of testimony to the effect that the fireman, Pryor, was drunk immediately after the accident, although it was not shown that anything done or omitted by Pryor had any causal connection with the injury whatever. Without such a showing, that testimony could have no legitimate place in the case. What these matters, mentioned in this paragraph, could have had to do with the case other than to furnish erroneously a catch-all for the roving instructions we do not see, and they ought to be eliminated in a new trial.
We do not enter upon a discussion of the instructions on the measure of damages because in the light of the criticisms made upon them the plaintiffs may, and probably will, so frame them on a new trial as not to be further bothered with these criticisms, as may be done without derogation of any substantive rights of the plaintiffs in that respect.
Finally, we notice the contention made by appellants that it was error to give for the plaintiffs the Instruction No. 9 dealing with the failure of the railroad to give the statutory bell or whistle signal for the crossing. Appellants say that there is no evidence that this failure proximately caused, or contributed to, the injury and cites New Orleans N.E.R. Co. v. Burge, 191 Miss. 303, 2 So.2d 825. Apparently appellants have misinterpreted that case. In the long years during which this statute has been repeatedly before the court it has always been considered that when an injury has occurred to a person on a public railroad crossing the failure to ring the bell or to sound the whistle will raise the presumption prima facie that the injured person would have heard and acted upon the warning had it been given, and that if an opposite conclusion is to be reached the burden is upon the railroad company to meet the presumption by proof. That was done in the Burge case, and that case, as all others, must be read in the light of its facts.
Reversed and remanded.