Opinion
No. 95-1253.
March 4, 1996.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa; Donald E. O'Brien, Judge.
Prior report: 75 F.3d 343.
The suggestion for rehearing en banc is denied. Chief Judge Richard S. Arnold and Judge Beam would grant the suggestion for rehearing en banc.
I do not disagree with the factual analysis of the panel opinion or the result reached in this case. On that basis I concur in the denial of the petition of rehearing en banc. As the panel opinion indicates, the evidence was insufficient to create a factual dispute as to whether age discrimination was a motivating factor in plaintiff's termination. In Texas Dep't of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981) (Burdine), as clarified by St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 13 S.Ct. 2741, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993) (Hicks), the Supreme Court provided alternative methods by which employment discrimination can be proven. The Court observed that, when a defendant offers a nondiscriminatory reason for discharge, a plaintiff may submit sufficient evidence to permit a jury to find intentional discrimination in one of two ways: "either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence." Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. at 1095 (emphasis added); see Hicks, 509 U.S. at 510-11, 113 S.Ct. at 2749. As the panel opinion demonstrates, there was insufficient direct evidence f discrimination or indirect evidence of pretext to create an issue for the jury in this case. The Burdine standard still controls in those circumstances. It has been followed by all of the circuits, including our own circuit, in post-Hicks cases.
I write specially to note that the panel opinion is misleading in adopting the dicta set for the in Nelson v. Boatmen's Bancshares, Inc., 26 F.3d 796 (8th Cir. 1994) (Boatmen's Bancshares), which relies upon Radabaugh v. Zip Feed Mills, Inc., 997 F.2d 444 (8th Cir. 1993), and Ostrowski v. Atlantic Mut. Ins. Cos., 968 F.2d 171, 182 (2nd Cir. 1992). The latter are mixed-motive cases in which direct evidence is required. Furthermore, Boatmen's Bancshares is a reduction-in-force case in which this court has traditionally required additional proof of age-animus beyond pretext. See Holley v. Sanyo Mfg., Inc., 771 F.2d 1161, 1165-66 (8th Cir. 1985); cf. Hillebrand v. M-Tron Indus., Inc., 827 F.2d 363, 366-68, (8th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1004, 109 S.Ct. 782, 102 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989). Neither of these tests applies to the Burdine analysis dealing with proof of pretextual reasons. As such, the panel opinion, in what is purportedly a pretext case, will cause continued confusion to the district courts and attorneys of this circuit.
As the Seventh Circuit has pointed out in Collier v. Budd Co., 66 F.3d 886, 893 n. 11 (7th Cir. 1995), use of the Boatmen's Bancshares test in a pretext situation is inconsistent with recent decisions from most of the other circuits.
This court has held that the Supreme Court in Saint Mary's [Honor Ctr. v. Hicks] adopted a version of the "pretext-only" rule that allows (but does not require) a jury to find intentional discrimination if the employer has offered false or pretextual reasons for the discharge. Anderson v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 13 F.3d 1120, 1123-24 (7th Cir. 1994); see also Loyd v. Phillips Brothers, Inc., 25 F.3d 518, 522 (7th Cir. 1994). Under the pretext-only rule, rejection of the employer's proffered reasons is sufficient to permit a finding of discrimination; "no additional proof of discrimination is required." Anderson, 13 F.3d at 1124, quoting Saint Mary's [Honor Crt. v. Hicks], 509 U.S. at 510-11, 113 S.ct. at 2749; see also Loyd, 25 F.3d at 522 ("The trier of fact may infer intentional discrimination from its disbelief of the reasons put forward by the defendant and the elements of the prima facie case alone but is not required to do so.") The majority of other circuits to address this question have endorsed this version of the pretext-only rule. See Waldron v. SL Industries, Inc., 56 F.3d 491, 495 (3rd Cir. 1995); Walder v. Nations Bank of Florida N.A., 53 F.3d 1548, 1557 (11th Cir. 1995); Barbour v. Merrill, 48 F.3d 1270, 1277 (D.C. Cir. 1995), cert. [granted in part, ___ U.S. ___, 116 S.Ct. 805, 113 L.Ed.2d 752 (1996)]; E.E.O.C. v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 44 F.3d 116, 120 (2nd Cir. 1994); Washington v. Garrett, 10 F.3d 1421, 1433 (9th Cir. 1993); but see Nelson v. Boatmen's Bancshares, Inc., 26 F.3d 796, 801 (8th Cir. 1994) (employee must present additional "evidence capable of proving that the real reason for his termination was discrimination based on age" in order to recover); Rhodes v. Guiberson Oil Tools, 39 F.3d 537, 543-45 (5th Cir. 1994) (simply disproving proffered reasons is not sufficient to allow finding of age discrimination), [reh'd en banc, 75 F.3d 989 (5th Cir. 1996.)]
The petition for rehearing by the panel is also denied.