Summary
holding that only acts, or practices “in the conduct of the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspect of a physician's practice may be brought under [Michigan's consumer protection act].”
Summary of this case from Brookins v. MoteOpinion
Docket No. 184803.
Submitted November 20, 1996, at Lansing.
Decided February 25, 1997, at 9:40 A.M.
Gary M. Victor, for the plaintiff. Siemion, Huckabay, Bodary, Padilla, Morganti Bowerman (by Raymond W. Morganti and Donna M. Severyn), for the defendant.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's grant of summary disposition for defendant. We affirm.
In April 1989, plaintiff visited defendant's office to seek treatment for a sinus problem. In June 1989, defendant performed nasal surgery on plaintiff. In the months following the surgery, plaintiff's nose became infected, and plaintiff began to feel what she believed to be a suture breaking through the skin at the tip of her nose. Plaintiff went to see defendant at least four times between October 1989 and January 1991 regarding infections and her belief that a suture was breaking through the skin of her nose. Plaintiff alleges that during these visits, although defendant recorded in his notes that plaintiff did have a suture breaking through the skin of her nose, defendant consistently and intentionally told plaintiff that it would be impossible for a suture to be breaking through the skin because he had used dissolvable sutures. Yet plaintiff continued to experience problems and hold onto her belief. In September 1993, plaintiff visited Dr. Frank Ritter. Ritter informed plaintiff that there was indeed a suture breaking through the skin of her nose and referred plaintiff to a plastic surgeon, who removed stitches from plaintiff's nose in October 1993. Plaintiff filed the instant action, alleging that defendant's conduct violated the Michigan Consumer Protection Act (MCPA), MCL 445.901 et seq.; MSA 19.418(1) et seq., and amounted to an intentional infliction of emotional distress. Defendant moved for partial summary disposition, arguing that the MCPA does not apply to physicians. The trial court granted defendant's motion, dismissed the MCPA count, and plaintiff appealed. In an unpublished opinion of the Court of Appeals, entered December 14, 1994 (Docket No. 179429), this Court, DOCTOROFF, C.J., and CAVANAGH and FITZGERALD, JJ., dismissed that appeal for lack of jurisdiction because the trial court's order was not final, but merely disposed of one theory of recovery. Subsequently, defendant filed another motion for summary disposition in the trial court, arguing that plaintiff's claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was barred by the three-year period of limitation set forth in MCL 600.5805(8); MSA 27A.5805(8). The trial court agreed and granted summary disposition. The plaintiff appealed with regard to both claims.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant intentionally denied the possibility in an attempt to protect himself from liability.
On appeal, we review the trial court's grant of summary disposition de novo. Turner v Mercy Hosps Health Services of Detroit, 210 Mich. App. 345, 348; 533 N.W.2d 365 (1995).
I
The first issue in this case is whether a suit brought under the MCPA may be maintained against a physician. This issue is one of first impression in Michigan.
The MCPA prohibits, and defines by general example, "[u]nfair, unconscionable, or deceptive methods, acts or practices in the conduct of trade or commerce." MCL 445.903(1); MSA 19.418(3)(1). The MCPA contains no language expressly including or excluding physicians from its purview, but broadly defines "trade or commerce" as follows:
"Trade or commerce" means the conduct of a business providing goods, property, or service primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and includes the advertising, solicitation, offering for sale or rent, sale, lease, or distribution of a service or property, tangible or intangible, real, personal, or mixed, or any other article, or a business opportunity. [MCL 445.902(d); MSA 19.418(2)(d).]
Plaintiff argues that because defendant performed a service primarily for personal purposes, his conduct falls within the definition of "trade or commerce." The trial court ruled, in part, that physicians are not engaged in "trade or commerce" and granted defendant's motion for summary disposition.
The trial court also ruled that even if defendant was engaged in "trade or commerce," he is exempt from application of the act under MCL 445.904(1)(a); MSA 19.418(4)(1)(a), which states that the MCPA does not apply to "[a] transaction or conduct specifically authorized under laws administered by a regulatory board or officer acting under statutory, authority of this state or the United States." On the basis of our conclusion that defendant's conduct was not "trade or commerce," obviously we need not address whether defendant's conduct properly falls under this exemption.
The trial court's ruling was based in part on the theory that there is a distinction between the practice of a trade and the practice of a "learned profession." It was stated in dictum in The Schooner Nymph, 18 F Cas 506, 507 (CCD Me, 1834) (No 10,338), that wherever any occupation, employment, or business is carried on for the purpose of profit, gain, or a livelihood, not in the liberal arts or in the learned professions, it is constantly called a trade. See anno: " Learned Profession " exemption in federal antitrust laws ( 15 USCS §§ 1 et seq.), 39 ALR Fed 774, 777. It is this definition that led to early United States Supreme Court cases implying, also by way of dictum, that the "learned professions" were not engaged in "trade or commerce" under federal antitrust laws. Id. See also Goldfarb v Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773, 786, n 15; 95 S Ct 2004; 44 L Ed 2d 572 (1975), citing Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc v Nat'l League of Professional Baseball Clubs, 259 U.S. 200; 42 S Ct 465; 66 L Ed 898 (1922); Federal Trade Comm v Raladam Co, 283 U.S. 643; 51 S Ct 587; 75 L Ed 1324 (1931); Atlantic Cleaners Dyers, Inc v United States, 286 U.S. 427; 52 S Ct 607; 76 L Ed 1204 (1932); United States v Nat'l Ass'n of Real Estate Bds, 339 U.S. 485; 70 S Ct 711; 94 L Ed 1007 (1950). The distinction was said to be that, in contrast to practicing a trade or running a business, "competition is inconsistent with the practice of a profession because enhancing profit is not the goal of professional activities; the goal is to provide services necessary to the community." Goldfarb, supra at 786.
This theoretical distinction was specifically addressed in Goldfarb, supra, where the United States Supreme Court considered the issue whether a minimum-fee schedule for lawyers enforced by the Virginia State Bar constituted price-fixing in violation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. The state bar argued that it was exempt from the Sherman Act because the practice of law was a "learned profession," not a "trade or commerce." The Goldfarb Court stated that while "[i]t would be unrealistic to view the practice of professions as interchangeable with other business activities, and automatically to apply to the professions antitrust concepts which originated in other areas," id. at 788, n 17, "[i]t is no disparagement of the practice of law as a profession to acknowledge that it has this business aspect." Id. at 788. The Court concluded that "anticompetitive activities by lawyers may exert a restraint on commerce." Id.
Subsequently, in Arizona v Maricopa Co Medical Society, 457 U.S. 332; 102 S Ct 2466; 73 L Ed 2d 48 (1982), the United States Supreme Court, relying in part on Goldfarb, struck down as price fixing in violation of the Sherman Act the defendant's maximum-price schedule for fees charged by doctors for services provided.
Today, it is clear that in federal cases a person will not be exempt from the Sherman Act solely on the basis of their status as a learned professional. 39 ALR Fed 779-780; see also Williams v Kleaveland, 534 F. Supp. 912, 916 (WD Mich, 1981) ("there is no blanket exemption to the anti-trust laws for the learned professions"). However, there remains
judicial recognition of the facts that the learned professions are not as "commercial" as other activities, that not all aspects of professional activity are "trade aspects" subject to the Sherman Act, and that the public interest might not be served by subjecting the learned professions to antitrust standards that have been developed in more commercial contexts. [39 ALR Fed 780, § 2(b)].
This has led to a line of federal cases in which the courts analyze the activities of the professionals in light of a distinction between "commercial" and "noncommercial" conduct. 39 ALR Fed 780; see also Rousseau v Eshleman, 128 N.H. 564, 570; 519 A.2d 243 (1986) (Johnson, J., dissenting). According to this line of cases, a commercial motive is required in order to bring the professional activity within the purview of the Sherman Act. Id. Such federal decisions interpreting federal antitrust laws have served as the basis for state decisions interpreting state consumer acts.
For example, in Short v Demopolis, 103 Wn.2d 52; 691 P.2d 163 (1984), the Washington Supreme Court considered the issue whether attorneys could be subject to liability under Washington's Consumer Protection Act (WCPA), Wash Rev Code Ann 19.86.010 et seq. Noting that there was a split in state decisions regarding the issue whether those in the learned professions enjoyed immunity from consumer protection acts, Short, supra at 59-60, citing Heslin v Connecticut Law Clinic of Trantolo Trantolo, 190 Conn. 510; 461 A.2d 938 (1983); Matthews v Berryman, 196 Mont. 49; 637 P.2d 822 (1981); Barnard v Mecom, 650 S.W.2d 123 (Tex App, 1983); Frahm v Urkovich, 113 Ill. App.3d 580; 447 N.E.2d 1007 (1983), superseded by statute as stated in Rubin v Marshall Field Co, 232 Ill. App.3d 522; 597 N.E.2d 688 (1992); Lucas v Nesbitt, 653 S.W.2d 883 (Tex App, 1983); Reed v Allison Perrone, 376 So.2d 1067 (La App, 1979); DeBakey v Staggs, 605 S.W.2d 631 (Tex App, 1980), the court relied on federal decisions, particularly Goldfarb, supra, and held that "certain entrepreneurial aspects of the practice of law may fall within the `trade or commerce' definition of the [WCPA]." Short, supra at 60. Short was the basis for the decision in Quimby v Fine, 45 Wn. App. 175; 724 P.2d 403 (1986), where the Washington Court of Appeals considered the issue whether actions against a physician may be maintained under the WCPA. The court held that there was "no basis to distinguish the legal practice from the medical practice" and went on to state that claims that relate to "the actual competence of the medical practitioner" and not to the "entrepreneurial aspects of the medical practice" would be improper under the WCPA. Id. at 180-181. See also Jaramillo v Morris, 50 Wn. App. 822, 827; 750 P.2d 1301 (1988) (holding that because the "entrepreneurial aspects" of a hospital's business were not implicated, the claim was not proper under the WCPA).
See, generally, anno: Scope and exemptions of state deceptive trade practice and consumer protections acts, 89 ALR3d 399, § 3, pp 405-407.
In Frahm v Urkovich, supra, the Illinois Court of Appeals considered the issue whether that state's consumer fraud act applied to the rendition of legal services. The court relied, in part, on Goldfarb, supra, and held that there was no support in the case law or public policy for equating the practice of law with an ordinary commercial enterprise. Frahm, supra at 584. Frahm was the basis for the decision in Feldstein v Guinan, 148 Ill. App.3d 610, 615; 499 N.E.2d 535 (1986), where the court held that because the "practice of medicine is not the equivalent of an ordinary commercial enterprise," a proper claim under the Illinois consumer fraud act must implicate the business aspect of the practice of medicine. See also Gadson v Newman, 807 F. Supp. 1412, 1416 (CD Ill, 1992) ("The distinction between the business aspects of medicine and the `actual practice of medicine' or the nonbusiness aspects [of] medicine is crucial.").
We consider these decisions instructive and persuasive. We agree that "[i]t would be a dangerous form of elitism, indeed, to dole out exemptions to our [consumer protection] laws merely on the basis of the educational level needed to practice a given profession, or for that matter, the impact which the profession has on society's health and welfare." Short, supra at 58, citing United States v Nat'l Society of Professional Engineers, 389 F. Supp. 1193, 1198 (D DC, 1974), vacated and remanded 422 U.S. 1031 (1975) (for reconsideration in light of Goldfarb, supra). Also, because the MCPA broadly defines "trade or commerce," in part, as the "conduct of a business," and the practice of medicine clearly has a business aspect, a blanket exemption for the learned professions would be improper. However, we are also of the opinion that it would be improper to view the practice of medicine as interchangeable with other commercial endeavors and apply to it concepts that originated in other areas. Goldfarb, supra. Therefore, a blanket inclusion in the MCPA for physicians would also be improper. Consequently, we align ourselves with the line of cases set forth in this opinion and hold that only allegations of unfair, unconscionable, or deceptive methods, acts, or practices in the conduct of the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspect of a physician's practice may be brought under the MCPA. Allegations that concern misconduct in the actual performance of medical services or the actual practice of medicine would be improper. We do not consider the Legislature's use of "trade or commerce" in defining the application of the act to exhibit an intent to include the actual performance of medical services or the actual practice of medicine. If we were to interpret the act as such, the legislative enactments and well-developed body of law concerning medical malpractice could become obsolete. While we are aware of the expense and difficulty in maintaining a medical malpractice action, we do not think the MCPA was meant by the Legislature to be an alternative to its specific statutory scheme addressing medical malpractice claims. Only when physicians are engaging in the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspect of the practice of medicine are they engaged in "trade or commerce" within the purview of the MCPA.
In determining whether an action is proper under the MCPA, courts must examine the nature of the conduct complained of case by case and determine whether it relates to the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspect of the practice of medicine. In this case, plaintiff alleges that defendant failed to tell her before operating on her that he would be using nondissolvable sutures in her nose and also failed to explain the risks involved. Plaintiff also alleges that defendant represented to her that she did not have a suture breaking through the skin at the tip of her nose when in fact she did. We do not consider either one of these allegations to charge defendant with misconduct in the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspect of his practice. Rather, we consider these to be principally attacks on the actual performance of defendant's medical services, which would be more appropriately addressed in the context of a timely filed medical malpractice claim. Therefore, the MCPA does not apply, and plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Summary disposition with regard to the claim under the MCPA was proper. MCR 2.116(C)(8).
Recently, this Court decided the case of Baker v Arbor Drugs, Inc, 215 Mich. App. 198; 544 N.W.2d 727 (1996), in which an issue concerned whether a suit under the MCPA was proper against a pharmacy. This Court held in the affirmative. We consider Baker to be in harmony with our decision in the case at bar because the conduct at issue in Baker was the defendant's advertising. Id. at 206-208. Advertising is clearly entrepreneurial, commercial, or business conduct.
II
Next, plaintiff claims that the trial court erred in ruling that her claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress was barred by the statute of limitations. We disagree.
We feel it necessary to note that the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress has yet to be formally recognized by the Michigan Supreme Court. See Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich. 594; 374 N.W.2d 905 (1985). However, this Court has recently recognized the cause of action. Haverbush v Powelson, 217 Mich. App. 228; 551 N.W.2d 206 (1996).
As a general rule, untimely filed tort claims are barred by the statute of limitations. Lemmerman v Fealk, 449 Mich. 56, 63; 534 N.W.2d 695 (1995). Claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress must be brought within three years after they accrue in order to avoid the limitation bar. Id. at 63-64; MCL 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805. A claim accrues at the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done, regardless of the time damage results. MCL 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827. The time of the wrong that triggers the running of the limitation period is the date on which the plaintiff was harmed by the defendant's act. Stephens v Dixon, 449 Mich. 531, 534-535; 536 N.W.2d 755 (1995).
In this case, plaintiff claims that she suffered emotional distress as a result of defendant's intentionally misrepresenting that plaintiff did not have a suture breaking through the skin of her nose, when plaintiff believed she did, and when in fact she did. Therefore, plaintiff was harmed by defendant's actions at some time between October 1989 and January 1991, the period in which plaintiff sought treatment from defendant. As a result, the running of the limitation period was triggered, at the latest, in January 1991, which would make plaintiff's March 1994 filing untimely. However, plaintiff argues that she should be entitled to the benefit of the discovery rule and that, under that rule, her claim did not begin to accrue until October 1993, when she was informed by Dr. Ritter that she had been lied to by defendant.
While there is no authority in Michigan for applying the discovery rule to a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, in general, application of the discovery rule may be appropriate when a plaintiff would otherwise be denied a reasonable opportunity to bring suit, because of the latent nature of the injury or the inability to discover the causal connection between the injury and the defendant's wrongful conduct. Lemmerman, supra at 65-66. The discovery rule is generally applied where there is some verifiable basis for the plaintiff's inability to bring the claim "within the statutorily proscribed limitation period." Id. at 66-67. Under the discovery rule standard, a plaintiff's cause of action accrues when he discovers, or through the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have discovered, that he has a possible cause of action. Moll v Abbott Laboratories, 444 Mich. 1, 20-25; 506 N.W.2d 816 (1993). Once a claimant is aware of an injury and its possible cause, the claimant is aware of a possible cause of action. Id. at 24.
While we offer no opinion, from a general standpoint, with regard to whether the discovery rule should be applied to claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress, we hold that even if we were to apply the discovery rule standard to the facts of this case, plaintiff's claim would still be filed untimely. As previously indicated, plaintiff began suffering emotional distress, and was aware of her injury, at some point between October 1989 and January 1991, when she began to question her sanity in light of defendant's denials that a suture was breaking, or could break, through the skin of her nose. However, plaintiff argues that because she did not conclude that her emotional distress was caused by defendant's intentional misrepresentations until she visited Dr. Ritter, her claim should not begin to accrue until September 1993. We disagree. Plaintiff may not have actually discovered that her emotional distress was caused by defendant's allegedly intentional misrepresentations until she visited Dr. Ritter, but that is not the standard. Once a plaintiff is aware of an injury and it's possible cause, the limitation period begins to run. Moll, supra at 24. In this case, plaintiff originally believed she had a stitch breaking through the skin of her nose in October 1989 and sought treatment from defendant regarding her belief until January 1991. Throughout this time, plaintiff continued to harbor her belief, even in the face of defendant's denials, and continued to experience other problems with her nose, such as infection. We find it unreasonable to believe that if after a year and a half (October 1989 to March 29, 1991 — three years before the filing of this action) plaintiff believed so strongly that she had a suture breaking through the skin of her nose, to the point where defendant's continued denials caused her severe emotional distress to the point where she questioned her own sanity, it should not have occurred to her, at some point during this time that possibly she was correct and her distress was caused by the fact that defendant may not have been forthright with her. Also, we believe that, under these circumstances, if plaintiff had been reasonably diligent, she would have actually discovered, at some point before March 29, 1991, that defendant was not being forthright with her. Therefore, if plaintiff was not actually aware of the possible cause of her distress at some point before March 29, 1991, she should have been, and with reasonable diligence would have been, in all probability, not only aware of a possible cause of her distress, but the actual cause. The trial court properly dismissed plaintiff's claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. MCR 2.116(C)(7).
Plaintiff argues that such a holding "would punish the patient who relies upon his doctor's advice and places a premium on skepticism and distrust." Johnson v Caldwell, 371 Mich. 368, 379; 123 N.W.2d 785 (1963). However, under the facts of this case, especially, the alleged strength of plaintiff's belief and the presence of infection, which would also seem to indicate that perhaps defendant was not being forthright, we believe that a reasonable person would have been skeptical, at least to the point of questioning the possibility that the physician was not being forthright. Obviously in this case plaintiff continued to harbor some belief that she was correct because she questioned defendant about her condition on several occasions between October 1989 and January 1991. While we agree that after defendant's continued denials it would be reasonable, and understandable, for plaintiff to question herself, if plaintiff's belief was as strong as she alleges, it would also be reasonable, at some point, for plaintiff to question defendant's veracity, if not his competence.
If a question of fact exists regarding when a plaintiff discovered or should have discovered a cause of action, then summary disposition is improper. However, under the facts of this case, we conclude that no genuine issue of fact exists whether plaintiff discovered or should have discovered her possible claim before March 29, 1991. See Mascarenas v Union Carbide Corp, 196 Mich. App. 240, 245; 492 N.W.2d 512 (1992).
Affirmed.