Summary
In Nabkey v Booth Newspapers, 140 Mich. App. 507; 364 N.W.2d 363 (1985), the panel recognized the privilege, but cited Rouch and declined to apply it to the defendant newspaper's alleged false report of the details of the plaintiff's arrest and arraignment: "[T]he report of plaintiff's alleged activity did not contribute to the public's interest in reducing or detecting crime, but merely provided interesting or amusing reading for the public."
Summary of this case from Rouch v. Enquirer NewsOpinion
Docket No. 71472.
Decided February 5, 1985. Leave to appeal applied for.
L. Lea Nabkey, in propria persona. Waters, Lesniak Willey, P.C. (by Larry C. Willey), for defendants.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order entered by the trial court, granting defendants' motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3).
Plaintiff filed a complaint on September 27, 1982, alleging that defendants maliciously, recklessly, and with intent to injure plaintiff made defamatory statements in an article published on September 30, 1981, in the Grand Rapids Press. The article reported that plaintiff had been arrested and arraigned "after she allegedly stole court records and threatened a Grand Rapids city attorney's investigator with a pen". It further stated that plaintiff had pled not guilty to charges of assault and battery, creating a disturbance, and larceny of court records. Finally, the article contained a description of the alleged crime given by police officers and the city attorney's investigator who had allegedly been threatened with the pen. Plaintiff's complaint alleged that defendants knew that the facts reported in the article were false, but nevertheless published the article.
Defendants moved for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3) on the ground that plaintiff was required to prove malice and there were no disputed facts on the issue of malice. An affidavit by the author of the article was attached to the motion; the affidavit stated that the information contained in the article was obtained from "the official reports prepared in connection with the incident".
After a hearing, the trial court granted defendants' motion. In its opinion, the court found that this case involved a matter of general public interest: "The facts clearly show that the charges against plaintiff occurred in the office of the 61st District Court involving court business. The whole incident was of a public nature and interest". The court then concluded that where a matter of public interest was involved the press had a qualified privilege to report on the matter and a plaintiff was therefore obligated to prove actual malice on the part of the defendant. Since plaintiff had failed to allege any facts to support her claim that defendants had published the article with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard for the truth, the court then granted summary judgment in favor of defendants.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court improperly granted summary judgment before she had had an opportunity to complete discovery and that, had she been able to complete discovery, she would have been able to present facts in support of her claim of malice. We find it unnecessary to reach plaintiff's argument, however, because we find that the trial court improperly ruled, on the record before it, that defendants had a qualified privilege to report the matters contained in the article.
Another panel of this Court recently examined the question of when a media defendant, such as a newspaper, possesses a qualified privilege to report the fact of a private figure's arrest and the alleged details of the crime charged. In Rouch v Enquirer News of Battle Creek, Michigan, 137 Mich. App. 39; 357 N.W.2d 794 (1984), the defendant reported that the plaintiff had been arrested for raping the 17-year-old babysitter of his children, that the plaintiff had cut off the victim's clothes with a knife, and that the charge against the plaintiff had been authorized by the prosecutor's office. Those statements were later shown to have been substantially false. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant because Michigan law extends to media defendants a qualified privilege to report on matters of general public interest, which included the report of an arrest and its accompanying details.
Defendants do not contend (and did not contend in the trial court) that plaintiff is a public figure. We will, therefore, assume for purposes of this opinion that plaintiff is a private figure.
This Court reversed the decision of the trial court and held that the story reported by the defendant was not protected by a qualified privilege. The Rouch Court noted first that such a privilege was not constitutionally mandated, as the United States Supreme Court had explicitly left it to the states to define the scope of their defamation laws where private figure plaintiffs are involved, provided only that liability could not be imposed against media defendants absent fault and that punitive damages could not be imposed against media defendants unless New York Times actual malice is proven. Gertz v Robert Welch, Inc, 418 U.S. 323; 94 S Ct 2997; 41 L Ed 2d 789 (1974).
In New York Times Co v Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-280; 84 S Ct 710; 11 L Ed 2d 686 (1964), the Supreme Court defined "actual malice" as knowledge that the statement was false or reckless disregard of whether it was false.
The Rouch Court then examined the two qualified privileges asserted by the defendant: the qualified privilege for accurately and fairly reporting judicial proceedings as provided by MCL 600.2911(3); MSA 27A.2911(3) and the privilege in Michigan to report matters in the public interest, as set forth in Lawrence v Fox, 357 Mich. 134, 142; 97 N.W.2d 719 (1959). However, instead of agreeing with the defendant and the trial court, this Court rejected the idea that Michigan recognizes a qualified privilege for reporting matters of general public interest:
The latter privilege is asserted in this case by defendant and was found applicable by the trial court.
"Relying on Schultz v Newsweek, Inc, 668 F.2d 911, 918 (CA 6, 1981), which construed Michigan law, defendant argues that the courts in Michigan require non-public-figure plaintiffs to prove that media defendants who have published defamatory news stories of general public interest acted with actual malice: `The privilege attaches to reports on matters of general public interest even though the plaintiff is a private individual.' In our opinion, Schultz is distinguishable. The sole state court decision of any precedential value cited by the Schultz Court as support for the proposition that media defendants in Michigan enjoy a qualified privilege to report on matters of general public interest is Peisner v Detroit Free Press, Inc, 82 Mich. App. 153; 266 N.W.2d 693 (1978). In Peisner, this Court quoted extensively from Lawrence v Fox, supra, as to the nature of the Michigan qualified privilege to report on matters in the public interest. There, the Supreme Court explicitly relied upon 3 Restatement Torts, § 619, comment (a), in holding that whether or not a qualified privilege exists is a question of law to be resolved under the rules set forth in §§ 585-599 of the Restatement. 357 Mich. 134, 140-141. 3 Restatement Torts, § 598 provides:
"`An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
"`(a) there is information that affects a sufficiently important public interest, and
"`(b) the public interest requires the communication of the defamatory matter to a public officer or a private citizen who is authorized or privileged to take action if the defamatory matter is true.'
"Comment (b) to this section provides in pertinent part:
"`The rule stated in this Section is applicable when any recognized interest of the public is in danger, including the interest in the prevention of crime and the apprehension of criminals, the interest in the honest discharge of their duties by public officers, and the interest in obtaining legislative relief from socially recognized evils.'
"As the Restatement implies, there is an important distinction between matters which truly promote the public interest and matters which are merely interesting to the public. Under the Restatement formulation, media defendants enjoy a qualified privilege to report on matters which advance an important societal or public interest, not a qualified privilege to report on every matter which may be of interest to the public. See, also, Timmis v Bennett, 352 Mich. 355, 368-369; 89 N.W.2d 748 (1958); Postill v Booth Newspapers, Inc, 118 Mich. App. 608, 619; 325 N.W.2d 511 (1982), lv den 417 Mich. 1050 (1983); Walker v Cahalan, 97 Mich. App. 346, 356; 296 N.W.2d 18 (1980), rev'd on other grounds 411 Mich. 857; 306 N.W.2d 99 (1981), cert den 454 U.S. 1032; 102 S Ct 570; 70 L Ed 2d 476 (1981). A privilege extends only so far as the reason for it applies. Timmis, supra. Hence, `[t]he public needs to know what goes on in court but does not need to know that A has slandered or libeled B outside of court'. Pittsburgh Courier Publishing Co, Inc v Lubore, 91 US App DC 311; 200 F.2d 355 (1952). See, also, Clark v American Broadcasting Companies, Inc, 684 F.2d 1208 (CA 6, 1982), cert den 460 U.S. 1040; 103 S Ct 1433; 75 L Ed 2d 792 (1983). In other words, a matter is not necessarily privileged merely because it in some way relates to the public interest. Rancho La Costa, Inc v Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 106 Cal.App.3d 646, 666; 165 Cal.Rptr. 347, 360 (1980), app dis 450 U.S. 902; 101 S Ct 1336; 67 L Ed 2d 326 (1981)." (Footnote omitted.) 137 Mich. App. 50-52.
We agree with the Court's holding in Rouch that Michigan extends a qualified privilege to media defendants to report only matters of legitimate public interest, rather than to report matters which are merely interesting to the public. In this case, the report of plaintiff's alleged activity did not contribute to the public's interest in reducing or detecting crime, but merely provided interesting or amusing reading for the public. Such a benefit to the public does not, by itself, offset the potential harm to a plaintiff's reputation should the story prove to be false.
We note, however, that the affidavit submitted by the author of the article, in this case, states that the information contained in the article was obtained from "the official reports prepared in connection with the incident". The trial court, in granting summary judgment, focused on the fact that the alleged crime occurred "in the office of the 61st District Court involving court business". Both statements indicate that the court and defendants may have been attempting to rely upon the second qualified privilege asserted in Rouch: the qualified privilege to fairly and accurately report judicial proceedings, as provided by MCL 600.2911(3); MSA 27A.2911(3).
MCL 600.2911(3); MSA 27A.2911(3) states:
"No damages shall be awarded in any libel action brought against a reporter, editor, publisher, or proprietor of a newspaper for the publication in it of a fair and true report of any public and official proceeding, or for any heading of the report which is a fair and true headnote of the article published. This privilege shall not apply to a libel which is contained in any matter added by any person concerned in the publication or contained in the report of anything said or done at the time and place of the public and official proceeding which was not a part of the public and official proceeding."
The terms "public and official proceeding" are described more fully in 3 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 611, p 297:
"Report of Official Proceeding or Public Meeting. The publication of defamatory matter concerning another in a report of an official action or proceeding or of a meeting open to the public that deals with a matter of public concern is privileged if the report is accurate and complete or a fair abridgement of the occurrence reported."
Comment h to this section provides:
"An arrest by an officer is an official action, and a report of the fact of the arrest or of the charge of crime made by the officer in making or returning the arrest is therefore within the privilege covered by this Section. On the other hand statements made by the police or by the complainant or other witnesses or by the prosecuting attorney as to the facts of the case or the evidence expected to be given are not yet part of the judicial proceeding or of the arrest itself and are not privileged under this Section."
Under this analysis, defendants may be entitled to a qualified privilege depending on the nature of the "official reports" relied upon by them. We refer the parties to this Court's opinion in Rouch for a full discussion of the type of report covered by the "official proceedings" privilege. We are unable, however, to determine from the author's affidavit or the record made at the hearing for summary judgment whether or not the official records alluded to by defendants are within this privilege. The trial court therefore improperly granted summary judgment in favor of defendants based on the record before it.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.