Opinion
No. 12-1482 No. 12-1487
12-20-2013
JEREMY C. MYERS, Plaintiff - Appellant/ Cross-Appellee, v. BRIAN KOOPMAN, Detective in the Loveland, Colorado Police Department, in his individual capacity, Defendant - Appellee/ Cross-Appellant.
Joseph Paul Fonfara of Fonfara Law Offices, Fort Collins, Colorado, (Randall Meyers of Law Office of Randall R. Meyers, Fort Collins, Colorado, with him on the briefs) for Plaintiff - Appellant/Cross-Appellee. Kent N. Campbell of Wick & Trautwein, LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, for Defendant - Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
PUBLISH
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Colorado
(D.C. No. 1:09-CV-02802-REB-MEH)
Joseph Paul Fonfara of Fonfara Law Offices, Fort Collins, Colorado, (Randall Meyers of Law Office of Randall R. Meyers, Fort Collins, Colorado, with him on the briefs) for Plaintiff - Appellant/Cross-Appellee. Kent N. Campbell of Wick & Trautwein, LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, for Defendant - Appellee/Cross-Appellant. Before BRISCOE, Chief Circuit Judge, O'BRIEN and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge.
Jeremy Myers challenges the district court's dismissal of his § 1983 malicious-prosecution claim alleging violations of his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. In his complaint, he asserted that Detective Brian Koopman obtained an arrest warrant by fabricating facts to create the illusion of probable cause. As a result, Myers spent three days in custody.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we conclude that the district court rightly dismissed Myers' Fourteenth Amendment claim because an adequate state remedy existed, but we conclude that the district court improperly dismissed Myers' Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim as untimely after recasting it as a claim for false imprisonment. In fact, Myers correctly styled his Fourth Amendment claim as one for malicious prosecution because he was seized after the institution of legal process. The malicious prosecution claim is timely. Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal of that claim.
BACKGROUND
Because the district court entered judgment on the pleadings for Koopman, we accept Myers' allegations as true. See Estes v. Wyo. Dep't of Transp., 302 F.3d 1200, 1203 (10th Cir. 2002). Treated as true, Myers' allegations paint a compelling picture of overzealous police work: Detective Koopman falsified an affidavit to obtain a search warrant for Myers' property. Acting under authority of the warrant, law enforcement officers searched his property and a nearby sugar-beet laboratory. Investigators discovered a jar containing a white substance. Field tests incorrectly identified the substance as methamphetamine. The police hailed the seizure as "a lot of dope," and the media portrayed Myers as a meth manufacturer. App. vol. 1, at 56-57, 64.
According to Myers' allegations, Koopman then fabricated facts in an affidavit to obtain an arrest warrant. A judicial officer granted the warrant, and Myers surrendered on Friday, September 7, 2007, intending to post bond under an agreement between his attorney and Koopman. Myers claims that when he arrived at the police station, Koopman told the officer on duty to detain Myers because Koopman intended to file additional charges. Myers remained in custody until he bonded out on Monday, September 10.
The district attorney then filed criminal charges, and Myers appeared for all hearings. Ultimately, further testing of the samples recovered from the raid revealed that they were not controlled substances. On November 15, 2007, the district attorney dropped all charges.
Myers filed his complaint on November 5, 2009. In 2012, the district court granted Koopman's motion for judgment on the pleadings, dismissing Myers' Fourteenth Amendment claim because an adequate state remedy existed, and further dismissing his Fourth Amendment claim as untimely. Myers now appeals those rulings. Koopman cross-appeals, arguing that he is entitled to qualified and absolute immunity.
Myers originally filed in state court. Koopman removed the case to federal court on December 1, 2009.
DISCUSSION
We review the district court's decision to enter judgment on the pleadings for Koopman under the same standard applicable to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. See Aspenwood Inv. Co. v. Martinez, 355 F.3d 1256, 1259 (10th Cir. 2004). Under that standard, we apply de novo review and will uphold the dismissal only if Myers' allegations fail to "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
I. The Fourteenth Amendment Claim
The district court rightly rejected Myers' Fourteenth Amendment malicious-prosecution claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because Colorado law provides an adequate remedy. The Fourteenth Amendment protects individuals against deprivations of liberty without due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. If a state actor's harmful conduct is unauthorized and thus could not be anticipated pre-deprivation, then an adequate post-deprivation remedy—such as a state tort claim—will satisfy due process requirements. Becker v. Kroll, 494 F.3d 904, 921 (10th Cir. 2007) (citing Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 535-44, (1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986)).
Here, Myers alleges that Koopman conjured up facts to create the illusion of probable cause for an arrest warrant and subsequent prosecution. Such lawlessness could not have been anticipated or prevented pre-deprivation, but a post-deprivation malicious-prosecution claim serves as an effective antidote. Colorado law provides that remedy. See, e.g., Hewitt v. Rice, 154 P.3d 408, 411 (Colo. 2007) (outlining the elements of a malicious-prosecution claim under Colorado law). The existence of the state remedy flattens the Fourteenth Amendment peg on which Myers now tries to hang his § 1983 malicious-prosecution claim.
Myers pitches two replies: First, he argues that his Fourteenth Amendment claim is cognizable, despite the state remedy, because the claim also rests on a violation of the Fourth Amendment. For this position he offers no affirmative argument—legal or logical. Instead, Myers tries to distinguish Becker v. Kroll, on which the district court relied. But Becker itself relied on Supreme Court precedent, which has clearly held that post-deprivation state tort remedies satisfy due process requirements. See 494 F.3d at 921 (citing Parratt, 451 U.S. at 544). Myers offers no authority suggesting that the existence of an underlying Fourth Amendment violation alters the analysis. Second, Myers contends that in his case the state tort remedy is inadequate because it is now time-barred. We reject that argument as well. The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the provision of an adequate remedy, but that remedy need not run in perpetuity. Myers had an adequate remedy. He let it wither. Due process has been duly satisfied.
II. The Fourth Amendment Claim
The district court wrongly dismissed as untimely Myers' Fourth Amendment claim under § 1983. Section 1983 creates a "species of tort liability" that provides relief to persons deprived of rights secured to them by the Constitution. Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 253 (1978) (quotations omitted). The first step "is to identify the specific constitutional right allegedly infringed." Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 271 (1994). Courts then look to common-law torts as analogies to determine the contours—including the accrual date—of § 1983 claims. See Pierce v. Gilchrist, 359 F.3d 1279, 1286 (10th Cir. 2004). Here, the district court fixed false imprisonment as the proper analogy for Myers' § 1983 claim—even though his complaint asserted malicious prosecution. In fact, Myers correctly styled his claim as one for malicious prosecution because he was seized after the institution of legal process.
The applicable statute of limitations is two years for both false imprisonment and malicious prosecution, but the two claims do not accrue simultaneously. A claim of false imprisonment accrues when the alleged false imprisonment ends. Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 389 (2007). A claim of malicious prosecution does not accrue until the criminal proceedings have terminated in the plaintiff's favor. See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 489 (1994); Robinson v. Maruffi, 895 F.2d 649, 654-55 (10th Cir. 1990). Myers filed his complaint on November 5, 2009—within two years of the malicious prosecution accrual date, but not within two years of the false imprisonment accrual date.
Claims under § 1983 are governed by the forum state's statute of limitations. Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 387 (2007). The forum state in this case, Colorado, provides a two-year statute of limitations for personal injury claims. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-80-102(1)(a). Federal law determines the date on which the claim accrues and, therefore, when the limitations period starts to run. Wallace, 549 U.S. at 388.
What separates the two claims?—the institution of legal process. Unreasonable seizures imposed without legal process precipitate Fourth Amendment false imprisonment claims. See Wallace, 549 U.S. at 389 (concluding that false imprisonment was the proper analogy where defendants did not have a warrant for the plaintiff's arrest and thus detention occurred without legal process). Unreasonable seizures imposed with legal process precipitate Fourth Amendment malicious-prosecution claims. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 484 (where detention occurs with legal process the "common-law cause of action for malicious prosecution provides the closest analogy"). Like rain and snow, the claims emanate from the same source, but under different conditions.
Unreasonable seizures that occur after the institution of legal process can also form the basis for Fourteenth Amendment malicious-prosecution claims where an adequate state remedy does not exist. See Mondragon v. Thompson, 519 F.3d 1078, 1082 (10th Cir. 2008).
In Wilkins v. DeReyes, we employed the legal-process distinction. 528 F.3d 790 (10th Cir. 2008). DeReyes allegedly obtained an arrest warrant for Wilkins based on fabricated evidence gathered by using coercive interrogation techniques. Id. at 793-94. This Court said that where detention occurs after the institution of legal process, a plaintiff can claim that the legal process itself was wrongful, and thereby state a "Fourth Amendment violation sufficient to support a § 1983 malicious prosecution cause of action." Id. at 799.
See also Nieves v. McSweeney, 241 F.3d 46, 54 (1st Cir. 2001) (concluding that a § 1983 Fourth Amendment claim involving an arrest pursuant to a warrant is akin to a claim for malicious prosecution based upon the common-law distinctions between the torts of false imprisonment and malicious prosecution); Singer v. Fulton Cnty. Sheriff, 63 F.3d 110, 117 (2d Cir. 1995) (same); Whiting v. Traylor, 85 F.3d 581, 583-86 & n.8 (11th Cir. 1996) (distinguishing malicious prosecution and false arrest based on whether detention occurred before or after the institution of legal process).
Here, the district court did not consider whether Myers had been imprisoned before or after the institution of legal process. Instead, apparently overlooking Wilkins, it simply assumed that because Myers premised the claim on a violation of the Fourth Amendment it was "in the nature of false imprisonment" and accrued on the date of his release. App. vol. 1, at 32-33.
In fact, here, as in Wilkins, detention occurred after the institution of legal process. Myers was arrested pursuant to a validly issued—if not validly supported—arrest warrant. "[T]he issuance of an arrest warrant represents a classic example of the institution of legal process." Wilkins, 528 F.3d at 799. Myers' suit, then, challenges the probable-cause determination that generated the legal process. As we said in Wilkins, "This link supplies the necessary connection between the malicious prosecution cause of action and Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment allegations." Id.
See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 654 cmt. c (1977) ("Criminal proceedings are usually instituted by the issuance of some form of process, generally a warrant for arrest, the purpose of which is to bring the accused before a magistrate in order for him to determine whether the accused shall be bound over for further action by a grand jury or for trial by a court.").
Koopman attempts to repurpose Wilkins. He contends that even if this is a malicious-prosecution claim, it accrued upon the institution of legal process. To do so, he plucks one statement from Wilkins: "[D]etention was thus preceded by the institution of legal process, triggering the malicious prosecution cause of action." Id. Read in context, however, it is clear the institution of legal process "triggers" a malicious-prosecution claim only in the sense that a claim before (or without) the institution of legal process would be for false imprisonment. Id. at 798-99. Koopman's reading would set this Court against the "the standard rule that [accrual occurs] when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." Wallace, 549 U.S. at 388 (alteration in original) (quotations omitted). A malicious-prosecution claim is not cognizable until all the elements are satisfied, and one of the elements is that the original action terminated in favor of the plaintiff. Wilkins, 528 F.3d at 799. As such, this Court has held that a malicious-prosecution claim does not accrue until proceedings terminate in the plaintiffs favor. Mondragon, 519 F.3d at 1083.
The district court adopted the wrong analogy because it overlooked a pivotal detail—Myers' detention occurred after the institution of legal process. In fact, Myers properly stated a Fourth Amendment claim for malicious prosecution, which accrued on November 15, 2007, when the proceedings resolved in his favor. He timely filed his complaint within two years on November 5, 2009.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the district court's dismissal of Myers' Fourteenth Amendment claim and reverse the district court's dismissal of Myers' Fourth Amendment claim. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is reversed, in part, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Koopman's arguments regarding absolute and qualified immunity should be addressed in the first instance by the district court.
This Court does not have jurisdiction over Koopman's cross-appeal because he prevailed fully below and the district court's judgment did not leave open the possibility of future litigation. See Deposit Guar. Nat. Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333 (1980). Thus, we grant Myers' motion to dismiss Koopman's cross-appeal. We decline to consider his immunity arguments as alternative grounds for affirmance because he did not propose them as such until his reply brief. See M.D. Mark, Inc. v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 565 F.3d 753, 768 n.7 (10th Cir. 2009).
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Case number 12-1482 is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.
Case number 12-1487, the cross-appeal, is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.