Summary
holding no governmental immunity for county
Summary of this case from Laughner v. Allegheny CountyOpinion
Calendar No. 7, Docket No. 50,547.
Decided March 1, 1965.
Appeal from Genesee; Parker (Donn D.), J. Submitted June 2, 1964. (Calendar No. 7, Docket No. 50,547.) Decided March 1, 1965.
Claim by Delores Myers, administratrix of the estate of Sharon Myers, deceased, against Genesee County Auditor, the Board of Trustees of the Genesee County Tuberculosis Sanitarium, a body corporate doing business as Genesee County Memorial Hospital, and Genesee County Board of Supervisors, for damages by reason of death of child patient. Order granting summary judgment for defendants. Plaintiff appeals. Order vacated and cause remanded.
D. Bruce Wistrand, Donald T. Butler, and Philip Elliott, for plaintiff.
Moll, Desenberg, Purdy, Glover Bayer and John G. David, for defendants.
Genesee county operates a hospital. It was formerly known as the County Sanatorium and its use was restricted to patients suffering from tuberculosis. Later, pursuant to statute, its status was changed to a general hospital. It provided treatment for Genesee county welfare patients and also accepted private pay patients.
PA 1925, No 177, § 9a, as added by PA 1949, No 141, and amended by PA 1957, No 35 (CLS 1961, § 332.159a, Stat Ann 1963 Cum Supp § 14.1099[1]).
Plaintiff's decedent, a 7-year-old child, was one of those latter. She was admitted as such on February 27, 1961, and died therein the following day after a tonsillectomy. It is claimed by her personal representative that her death was occasioned by wrongful acts and omissions of the hospital staff. A suit was started against the principals named herein in January, 1962. It was designated No 44,643, Genesee county. The responsive pleading, which is not included in either appendix, apparently raised the defense of governmental immunity and must further have challenged the action for plaintiff's failure to have precedently complied with the constitutional and statutory requirements of first filing a claim with the proper Genesee county officials. The motion to dismiss was granted on September 26, 1962. If an opinion accompanied the order at that time it has not been made a part of either appendix. On October 4, 1962, plaintiff filed the claim as required. October 23, 1962, it was rejected by the Genesee county board of supervisors. Appeal from its disallowance was duly taken November 13, 1962. Thereupon, pursuant to statute, the claim as filed became "equivalent to the declaration" and defendants again pleaded thereto by special appearance and motion to dismiss supported by affidavit. The trial court denied the motion and set the matter down for trial before a jury. His opinion, on the motion, was dated December 20, 1962. On February 26, 1963, the court, in a brief supplemental opinion, rejected defendants' claim that the grant of the motion to dismiss in the original action (44,643) operated as a bar to the instant action (47,563) by reason of the plea of res judicata. Thereupon, defendants made a motion for summary judgment. Affidavits and counteraffidavits were duly filed. This motion was granted and it is in this posture the case reached us on appeal.
Const 1908, art 8, § 8.
CL 1948, § 46.71 (Stat Ann 1961 Rev § 5.521); CL 1948, § 332.160 (Stat Ann 1956 Rev § 14.1100).
CL 1948, § 46.74 (Stat Ann 1961 Rev § 5.524).
Plaintiff asks:
First: Should a county continue to enjoy governmental immunity from tort liability?
Second: If this Court continues to hold that it should, but only when engaged in a governmental function, was defendant county in this case, in its relationship to plaintiff's decedent, engaged in a proprietary function and thus not governmentally immune?
Third: Did plaintiff's claim, as filed, state a cause of action for breach of an implied contract to furnish hospital services, as distinguished from a claim based on negligence?
Before answer to these questions is undertaken, it may not be untoward to review briefly the status of the concept of governmental immunity in our State. This for the reason that in recent years this Court has divided sharply, and in some cases indecisively, in cases involving the doctrine.
First, it is well to note that strictly speaking "sovereign" immunity and "governmental" immunity are not synonymous. True, they have been over the years used interchangeably in decisions, but a delineation may be helpful. Sovereign immunity is a specific term limited in its application to the State and to the departments, commissions, boards, institutions, and instrumentalities of the State. The reason is the State is the only sovereignty in our system of government, except as the States delegated part of their implicit sovereignty to the Federal government. US Const, Am 10, provides:
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
At common law the sovereign was immune from suit by a subject. The common law, by Constitution, is the law of our State:
"The common law and the statute laws now in force, not repugnant to this Constitution, shall remain in force, until they expire by their own limitations, or are changed, amended or repealed." Const 1963, art 3, § 7.
The meaning of the article is readily discernible. The common law as well as statutes abide unless "changed, amended or repealed." "Amendment" and "repeal" refer to the legislative process. "Change" must necessarily contemplate judicial change. The common law is not static, fixed and immutable as of some given date. Thus sovereign immunity as a part of the common law obtains only unless and until it is altered by amendment, repeal, or change.
This doctrine, inherited with the common law in Michigan, has never by a majority of this Court been judicially "changed" as to the State. Importantly, however, the doctrine was construed by a majority of this Court to have been legislatively repudiated, readopted, and modified. The case which clearly makes this important distinction is McDowell v. State Highway Commissioner, 365 Mich. 268, at p 271:
"`So far as the State itself is concerned, the doctrine of sovereign immunity as it presently exists in Michigan is a creature of the legislature. The doctrine has been modified by the legislature, abolished by the legislature, re-established by the legislature, and further modified by the legislature.'
The quotation is from the State's brief.
"The judiciary has no right or power to repeal statutes. As said by the attorney general, the legislature has willed that the present defendants be and remain immune from liability for torts such as these plaintiffs have alleged. There they must stand, legally, until the legislature wills to the contrary."
This opinion was signed by a clear majority of this Court — 5 Justices — 4 of whom are still members of this seated Court.
Justice BLACK emphasized this point in that decision, quoting from Williams v. City of Detroit, 364 Mich. 231, 278. He pinpoints what is encompassed by the term the State when used in relationship to "governmental," i.e., "sovereign" immunity:
"`That doctrine includes within its purview the State and "its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies"'" McDowell, supra, p 269.
Thus, as of this decision day under settled law, the State and its immediate integral parts, enjoy absolute immunity from tort liability by reason of the negligent acts or omissions of its servants or agents, except as that liability has been statutorily modified. Over the years, by judicial construction, this "sovereign" immunity has been transmogrified into "governmental" immunity and made applicable to the "inferior" divisions of government, i.e., townships, school districts, villages, cities, and counties, but with an important distinction. These subdivisions of government enjoyed the immunity only when engaged in "governmental" as distinguished from "proprietary" functions. It would serve no purpose here to retrace the myriad lines of demarcation. It is pertinent to add that the distinction has at times been judicially regarded as a question of fact and not of law, requiring a testimonial or other evidentiary record for determination.
See PA 1945, No 87 (CL 1948, § 691.141 [Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.3548(41)]), its amendment by PA 1960, No 33, and, following its repeal, its re-enactment in the revised judicature act, PA 1961, No 236, § 6475 (CLS 1961, § 600.6475, Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.6475). See, also, currently, PA 1964, No 170 (CL 1948, § 691.1401, et seq., Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 3.996[101] et seq.), post. See, also, Minty v. Board of State Auditors, 336 Mich. 370.
And so the law stood until Williams v. City of Detroit, supra. There a confusing chapter was added because this Court, though numerically evenly divided as between affirmance and reversal, really represented a 5-3 holding as to the liability of "municipal corporation." For a review of that decision and its effect, see Sherbutte v. City of Marine City, 374 Mich. 48. As the decision in Williams is relevant here "municipal corporations" lost their tort immunity for the negligence of their servants, agents, and employees, irrespective of whether the municipal corporation was acting in a "governmental" or "proprietary" capacity.
To recapitulate then, as of today the State and its agencies are absolutely immune (except as legislatively excepted) from tort liability; subdivisions of government, except municipal corporations, are immune when functioning "governmentally," but not "proprietarily," and municipal corporations are without any governmental immunity, as to tort liability.
Thus oriented, we address ourselves to the first question posed by plaintiff-appellant. Restated for decisional purpose here we may rightly inquire: since municipal corporations — and for our purpose here we mean incorporated cities, statutory or home-rule charter — are liable in tort for the negligence of their agents and servants, what distinction in law, logic, or reason is there to maintain a distinction between a city, as above specified, and a county, a township, or a village? We see none. All are creatures of the Constitution with the powers and immunities provided by law. In the case of a county which might historically be differentiated, the Constitutions of 1908 and 1963 both define them as a "body corporate." Rightfully, we inquire again what distinguishes a constitutional "body corporate" from a "municipal corporation." In candor, we must say the distinction, if any, is one without a difference. If someone falls down an unguarded elevator shaft in the city hall, he recovers if the shaft were negligently maintained. If the identical occurrence eventuates in the county courthouse, the village or township hall, the injured person is without redress. A tortious act by a city policeman is compensable in damage, the identical act perpetrated by a county deputy sheriff, a village or township constable is not. We should not perpetuate such anomalies.
Const 1908, art 8, § 1; Const 1963, art 7, § 1.
Our coordinate and coequal division of government — the legislature — has seen fit to address itself to this subject. By PA 1964, No 170, effective July 1, 1965, basic changes are statutorily made in this doctrine. The title of the act includes this important statement of purpose:
"An act to make uniform the liability of municipal corporations, political subdivisions, and the State, its agencies and departments." (Emphasis supplied.)
We further this expressed legislative intent when we judicially make the application of the generic governmental immunity uniform as to all political subdivisions. Under our settled law we do not include the application of sovereign immunity to the State for the reasons set forth in McDowell, supra.
Hence, in the case at bar we hold that Genesee county enjoys no greater immunity as a constitutional "body corporate" than does a city as a "municipal corporation." This rule is hereby extended to all political subdivisions of government. The State, its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies are not affected hereby.
We now take up the question whether decision here is to (1) include the case at bar; (2) exclude the case at bar but be made to apply to all cases to be decided hereafter or after an arbitrary control date herein specified; (3) be made applicable to all cases in which a cause of action has accrued, the assertion of which is not barred by other defenses, including but not limited to statutes providing for the limitation of actions.
Because we change prior settled law, it is inevitable that some will be adversely affected hereby, no matter which basis we select.
It would serve little purpose to realign ourselves and to battle again as was done in Williams, supra, over the question of total prospectivity, total retrospectivity, or some median variation in the application of the rule. All of the arguments pro and contra are known to us and to the profession. When we overruled the doctrine of imputed negligence as to "a voluntary gratuitous passenger in an automobile, the driver of which was guilty of negligence which was a contributing proximate cause of an accident and injury to such passenger," we did so as to "pending and future cases" as well as to that case itself. See Bricker v. Green, 313 Mich. 218, at p 236, (163 ALR 697). We adopt the same policy here.
The rule of governmental immunity as to all political subdivisions of government is hereby abrogated as it has heretofore been abrogated as to municipal corporations, i.e., cities. No longer is the defense of governmental immunity for tort liability available, irrespective of whether the involved political subdivision is functioning "governmentally" or "proprietarily."
The order granting summary judgment for defendant county is vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings. Under the circumstances of the decision, we award no costs. Having so decided, the other issues raised on appeal need not be discussed.
T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., concurred with O'HARA, J.
BLACK, J., concurred in result.
I concur in Mr. Justice O'HARA'S decision, the result of which is to overrule Lewis v. Genesee County (1963), 370 Mich. 110.
Mr. Justice O'HARA writes currently to abrogate the doctrine of governmental immunity as applicable to villages, townships, and cities, at least for the interim until the effective date on July 1, 1965, of PA 1964, No 170. In my view, however, the doctrine of governmental immunity already has been abrogated as to municipal corporations — as defined in Bacon v. Kent-Ottawa Metropolitan Water Authority (1958), 354 Mich. 159, to include incorporated villages, fourth-class cities, special charter cities, home-rule cities, charter townships, and school districts — by this Court in our decisions in Williams v. City of Detroit (1961), 364 Mich. 231, and McDowell v. State Highway Commissioner (1961), 365 Mich. 268.
Perhaps, however, Sayers v. School District No. 1 (1962), 366 Mich. 217, suggests that McDowell's definition — by reference to Bacon — of municipal corporations is subject to contemporary judicial refinement, for in Sayers our majority held that a school district continued to enjoy its tort immunity notwithstanding its inclusion in the definition of municipal corporations announced but months before in McDowell. Unfortunately, the point was not considered in Sayers.
While I join in the result reached by Justice O'HARA, I cannot subscribe his opinion because of the different views we take of the recent decisions of this Court herein cited.
ADAMS, J., concurred with SOURIS, J.
I dissent from the opinion of Mr. Justice O'HARA for the reasons stated in the opinion of Mr. Justice CARR in Williams v. City of Detroit, 364 Mich. 231, and, accordingly hold for affirmance. No costs.
KELLY, J., concurred with DETHMERS, J.
SMITH, J., did not sit.