Opinion
No. 01-06-00093-CV
Opinion Issued November 15, 2007.
On Appeal from the 80th District Court of Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 2002-61805.
Panel consists of Justices TAFT, HANKS, and HIGLEY.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Mustang Security and Investigations, Inc. ("Mustang"), and Marilyn Wachel ("Wachel") appeal the trial court's grant of summary judgment on their counterclaims against Alpha Omega Services, Inc. ("AO"). We consider whether Mustang asserted a claim for affirmative relief and whether Wachel raised a genuine issue of material fact. Concluding that neither did, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
Collectively referred to as "appellants."
Background
AO contracts with its customers to provide private security services, including horse-mounted patrol for businesses. Mustang provides the same or similar services to its customers. Mustang hired Wachel as its operations manager shortly after her employment with AO had ceased. Wachel had been employed by AO from 1993 until AO terminated her employment in 2002. AO filed suit against Wachel, alleging violations of a non-compete agreement signed by Wachel during her tenure with AO. After the trial court determined that the non-compete agreement was unenforceable, AO voluntarily dismissed its suit.
AO filed a new suit against Mustang and Wachel and added additional Mustang employees who had previously worked for AO, asserting breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, misrepresentation, tortious interference with contractual and business relations, misappropriation of trade secrets, and conspiracy. AO subsequently nonsuited all defendants except Mustang and Wachel.
Wachel and Mustang each filed counterclaims. Wachel asserted that AO breached a salary agreement arising from a promotion that she had received while employed by AO. The details of Wachel's new position were memorialized in a memorandum dated February 27, 2001, which read as follows:
INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: MARILYN WACHEL
FROM: JOHN DE ROUEN (initials [hand-written])
RE: SALARY AGREEMENT FOR YEAR 2001
DATE FEBRUARY 27, 2001
I enjoyed meeting with you last week and look forward to working with you in 2001. To recap our discussion on wages and rank, please acknowledge the following:
1.Initial salary of $36,000 per year (to be reviewed in six months)
2.A work week of not less than forty (40) hours at five (5) days/week. Anything in excess of 40 hours/5 days will be decided by you. (This includes a minimum of 12 hours per week of [scratched out]) billable riding. (participation at my discretion. mew [hand-written])
3.A promotion to the rank of Lieutenant and a rank review in six weeks.
4.A bonus system to be developed in the next sixty (60) days based on filling schedules and postings.
Please acknowledge agreement and return executed copy with original signature to our office. Keep one copy for your own files.
***
I acknowledge aned [sic] agree to the above.
[signed] 3-08-01 Marilyn Wachel Date
"Shortly thereafter," AO advised Wachel that her new position was being eliminated. Wachel was not terminated at that time, but was reassigned, working fewer hours and earning less money than previously agreed upon. Wachel nevertheless continued to work under the new conditions until, in late April of 2002, AO terminated Wachel's employment. Wachel's counterclaim alleged a breach based on her demotion and subsequent employment termination.
Wachel's counterclaim is not specific as to the amount of time that lapsedbetween her promotion and subsequent demotion.
Mustang filed a counterclaim against AO, seeking a declaratory judgment that the non-compete agreements signed by AO's employees were invalid. Further, Mustang sought a declaration that AO had no trade secrets that could be misappropriated. In response, AO filed a general denial and special exceptions to the declaratory judgment action, asserting that it was duplicative of the controlling issues in AO's petition. No hearing was held, and no ruling was obtained on the special exceptions.
AO filed a motion for summary judgment on both Mustang's and Wachel's counterclaims. AO asserted that Wachel's employment was an at-will relationship and that the memorandum on which Wachel relied to assert her claims was not an enforceable employment contract. AO asserted that Mustang's claims were redundant of issues already before the trial court and that its counterclaim did not assert a claim for affirmative relief.
Mustang filed a First Amended Original Counterclaim along with its response to AO's summary judgment motion clarifying that it sought declaratory relief not only as to AO's "existing covenants not to compete . . . but [also as to] all AO's covenants not to compete executed by former and existing AO employees and contractors which have not expired or otherwise been declared valid or invalid." Mustang also attempted to broaden the declaratory action by requesting a judicial declaration "that all of the business of AO, as it concerns mounted patrol and other security related services, including any procedure, method, technique, design, records, customer lists, and other information that AO claims are trade secrets are not, in fact, trade secrets, as that term is defined in law, nor are such confidential, unique or proprietary and that such are not entitled to protection by law."
On September 19, 2005, AO filed a reply indicating that Mustang's attempt to defeat AO's summary judgment motion by merely broadening the scope of its requested declarations should be rejected by the Court. AO contended that Mustang's declaratory action remained redundant of AO's claims and, to the extent that Mustang tried to seek additional affirmative relief, such claims were impermissibly seeking an advisory opinion under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act.
After considering the parties' pleadings and oral arguments, the trial court granted AO's summary judgment motions and dismissed Wachel's and Mustang's counterclaims. Subsequently, the trial court granted AO's non-suit of its entire case. Wachel and Mustang seek review of the dismissal of their counterclaims.
Standard of Review
We review summary judgments de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). Traditional summary judgment is proper only when the movant establishes that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). The motion must state the specific grounds relied upon for summary judgment. Id. In other words, we will not affirm a summary judgment on a ground not included in the motion for summary judgment. Travis v. City of Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 100 (Tex. 1992). In reviewing a traditional summary judgment, we must indulge every reasonable inference in favor of the nonmovant, take all evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true, and resolve any doubts in favor of the nonmovant. Valence, 164 S.W.3d at 661.
When, as here, a summary judgment does not specify the grounds on which it was granted, we will affirm the judgment if any one of the theories advanced in the motion is meritorious. Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 157 (Tex. 2004). Declaratory judgments decided by summary judgment are reviewed under the same standards of review that govern summary judgments generally. Lidawi v. Progressive County Mut. Ins. Co., 112 S.W.3d 725, 730 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 37.010 (Vernon 1997).
Mustang's Counterclaim
A. Did Mustang assert claims for relief beyond those asserted by AO?
AO moved for summary judgment against Mustang's counterclaim on the sole basis that Mustang sought relief that was redundant of issues already before the trial court and did not qualify as claims for affirmative relief. In its first issue, Mustang complains that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because Mustang's claims were supportable independent of AO's original petition.
The "Declaratory Judgment Act is not available to settle disputes alreadypending before a court," and it cannot be used as a vehicle for defendants to obtain attorney's fees merely for resisting the plaintiff's right to recover. BHP Petroleum Co. v. Millard, 800 S.W.2d 838, 841 (Tex. 1990); HECI Exploration Co. v.ClajonGas Co., 843 S.W.2d 622, 638-39 (Tex.App.-Austin 1992, writ denied). The Texas Supreme Court carved out an exception to this rule applicable when the counterclaim seeks a true declaration of an ongoing and continuing relationship and when the counterclaim asserts relief having "greater ramifications" than the original suit. Anderson v. New Prop Owners' Ass'n of Newport, Inc., 122 S.W.3d 378, 390-91 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2003, no pet.).
"A counterclaim has greater ramifications than the original suit if it seeks affirmative relief." Howell v. Mauzy, 899 S.W.2d 690, 706 (Tex.App.-Austin 1994, writ denied). To state a claim for affirmative relief, a defendant must allege a cause of action "independent of the plaintiff's claim on which the defendant could recover benefits, compensation, or relief, even if the plaintiff were to abandon or fail to establish his cause of action." Gen. Land Office v. OXY U.S.A., Inc., 789 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1990). For example, in the context of suits asserting breaches of contracts or deeds, declaratory counterclaims seeking construction of such instruments may constitute claims for affirmative relief because, in contrast to a "one-time occurrence" giving rise to the plaintiff's suit, they concern the parties' ongoing and future relationship. BHP Petroleum Co., 800 S.W.2d at 840-42; Indian Beach Prop. Owners' Ass'n v. Linden, 222 S.W.3d 682, 702 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).
Mustang relies on BHP Petroleum Co. v. Millard to support its assertion that its counterclaim has greater ramifications than AO's original petition's claims. In BHP Petroleum, the plaintiff sued the defendant for breach of the "take-or-pay" obligations of a gas purchase contract. Id. at 842. The defendant counterclaimed, seeking a declaratory judgment "[t]hat events have occurred which constitute force majeure, as the parties agreed to define the term, or other causes not reasonably within the control of ANR and its customers, which have affected and will continue for the foreseeable future to affect ANR's takes of natural gas under the Contracts. . . ." Id. (emphasis in original). The court held that because the gas purchase contract was an ongoing and continuing relationship, the defendant's counterclaim for a declaratory judgment was a cause of action on which the defendant could recover benefits, compensation, or relief if the plaintiff abandoned or failed to establish its causes of action. Id. The defendant's counterclaim sought an interpretation of the gas purchase contract, which would have the effect of defining the obligations of the parties under that contract in the future. Id.
The parties in BHP Petroleum had a continuing, contractual relationship, and the defendant's declaratory judgment action asked for a declaration interpreting provisions of the contract and declaring the respective rights and obligations of the parties under their continuing contract. Id. at 840; see also Indian Beach Prop. Owners' Ass'n, 222 S.W.3d at 702 (holding that, although counterclaim appeared to be nothing more than denial of plaintiff's cause of action, "because it involves the interpretation of deed restrictions, [the defendants] . . . stated a cause of action on which they could recover benefits, compensation, or relief if [the plaintiff] abandoned or failed to establish its cause of action.").
In this case, there is no contract between Mustang and AO and no evidence that the parties are engaged in a continuing relationship. Because there is no on-going relationship, resolution of some future dispute through a declaratory judgment would not have been proper. See Nat'l Enter., Inc. v. E.N.E. Props., 167 S.W.3d 39, 43-44 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no pet.); Howell v. Mauzy, 899 S.W.2d 690, 707 (Tex.App.-Austin 1994, writ denied); HECI Exploration Co., 843 S.W.2d at 639; John Chezik Buick Co. v. Friendly Chevrolet Co., 749 S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1988, writ denied); see also Newman Oil Co. v. Alkek, 614 S.W.2d 653, 653-55 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Thus, any declarations sought by Mustang beyond those pleaded by AO were not the proper subject of a declaratory judgment action. We hold that the trial court err by rendering summary judgment on the ground that Mustang failed to assert a claim for broader relief than that sought by AO. We overrule Mustang's first issue.
B. Was dismissal with prejudice proper?
In its second issue, Mustang asserts that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to dismiss its counterclaims "with prejudice." Mustang contends that AO's assertion that Mustang failed to assert a claim for affirmative relief is the equivalent of asserting that Mustang sought a claim over which the trial court lacked jurisdiction. Without argument or reference to any authority, Mustang contends that dismissal should have been for want of jurisdiction and, therefore, without prejudice.
Mustang's second issue is inadequately briefed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h). Furthermore, in its reply brief, Mustang acknowledges that "the mere failure of a petition to state a cause of action does not show a want of jurisdiction in the court." We overrule Mustang's second issue.
Wachel's Counterclaim
In their third issue, appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on Wachel's counterclaim because "Wachel did not sue AO for wrongful termination." In issue four, appellants assert that "Wachel was entitled to sue AO for its failure to perform under the Salary Agreement for the duration that Wachel was an employee."
AO's motion for summary judgment alleged that Wachel had an at-will relationship with AO and that, due to the nature of the employment relationship, there could be no employment agreement that would "limit the ability of either employer or employee to terminate the employment at will." But at-will employees can contract with their employers on matters that do not affect the at-will nature of the relationship. Light v. Centel Cellular Co. of Tex., 883 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tex. 1994). The question, then, is whether Wachel's agreement affected the at-will nature of her relationship with AO.
Wachel contends that, as long as she was employed by AO, she was entitled to receive the benefits enumerated in the February 27 memorandum. However, even when a valid employment agreement exists, an employer may modify the agreement simply by notifying the employee of the change and the employee's acceptance of the change. See In re Dillard Dep't Stores, Inc., 198 S.W.3d 778, 780 (Tex. 2006); Hathaway v. Gen. Mills, Inc ., 711 S.W.2d 227, 229 (Tex. 1986). If the employee continues working with knowledge of the changes, then he has accepted them as a matter of law. Dillard Dep't Stores, 198 S.W.3d at 780; Hathaway, 711 S.W.2d at 229.
The Texas Supreme Court has specifically held that if an employer unequivocally notifies an employee of a change and the employee continues to work, even under protest, the employee has accepted the change. See Dillard Dep't Stores, 198 S.W.3d at 780-81 (holding that employee who refused to sign form acknowledging new arbitration policy but continued working accepted policy as matter of law). Wachel did not choose to quit her job with AO or to pursue legal remedies for breach of an employment agreement at the time that her job description changed. See Hathaway, 711 S.W.2d at 229. By continuing to work for AO, Wachel accepted the new terms of her employment as a matter of law. See Dillard Dep't Stores, 198 S.W.3d at 780; Hathaway, 711 S.W.2d at 229; accord In re Dallas Peterbilt, Ltd., 196 S.W.3d 161, 163 (Tex. 2006); In re Halliburton Co., 80 S.W.3d 566, 568-69 (Tex. 2002).
In essence, at the time of her demotion, Wachel was "fired" from the position to which she previously had been promoted and "re-hired" in a new position. The terms of the employment agreement did not affect Wachel's at-will employment relationship with AO and, therefore, did not apply to her "new" position. Therefore, Wachel failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact in her claim against AO. The trial court did not err in rendering summary judgment on Wachel's counterclaim. We overrule issues three and four.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.