Summary
In Musgrove v. Kornegay, 52 N.C. 71, 74, Pearson, C.J., speaking for a unanimous Court, said: "A father is entitled to the services of his child until he arrives at the age of 21. He has a right of property in the services * * *."
Summary of this case from Foster v. FosterOpinion
(December Term, 1859.)
1. In all cases of Habeas corpus before any judge or court, where the contest is in respect to the custody of minor children, either party may appeal.
2. A father cannot bind his child an apprentice when under the age of 12 years, and even when past that age it can only be done by deed executed jointly by the father and child.
3. Where a child over 12 years of age has been illegally detained as an apprentice, under a deed made by the father alone, the proper order upon a habeas corpus is that the infant be discharged to go where he pleases. Where the infant is under the age of 12, the order is that he be restored to the father.
HABEAS CORPUS, returned before Shepherd, J., and heard in open court, Fall Term, 1859, of WAYNE.
Fowle and Strong for petitioner.
Person for defendant.
The bodies of Simon and Lucretia, colored children, were brought before his Honor upon the petition of the plaintiff, and the defendant showed as the cause for detaining them that the petitioner, who is the father of these children, had executed a deed to the defendant, purporting to bind them to him as apprentices. It appeared that the boy Simon was over 12 years old at the time of this transaction, and assented to the binding, and served the defendant three or four years, but did not sign the deed; that the girl, Lucretia was only three or four years of age at the time, and did not assent to the binding in any way.
His Honor adjudged the cause of detention to be sufficient, and ordered the infants, Simon and Lucretia, to be redelivered to the (72) defendant. From which judgment the petitioner prayed an appeal to the Supreme Court, which was allowed.
In this court it was urged that there was no law authorizing an appeal in cases like this, and that it should be dismissed. It was also insisted that the cause alleged for the detention was sufficient.
We are satisfied that the case is properly constituted in this Court by the appeal, under the provisions of the statute, Acts of 1858, ch. 53. The enacting clause uses general words: "In all cases of habeas corpus, before any judge or court, where a contest shall arise in respect to the custody of minor children," etc., "in such cases either party may appeal," etc. Admitting that in cases of ambiguity the generality of a statute may be restrained by the preamble, ( Blue v. McDuffie, 44 N.C. 131), it has no such effect in this case, for although express reference is made to the particular instance of minor children whose parents live in a state of separation, which probably suggested the expediency of the act, the remedy is provided in such and other like cases, which is explained to mean all cases where a contest shall arise in respect of the custody of minor children. Ours is a case of that kind. Has Kornegay a right to the custody of the boy? He puts his claim on the force of the deed executed by the boy's father; so the case depends on the legal effect of that deed; and the question is, Does it operate as a mere executory agreement, for a breach whereof damages may be recovered in an action of convenant? or, Does it operate as an executed agreement, to wit, a conveyance by which a right of property vested in Kornegay, so as to establish the relation of "master and apprentice" between him and the boy, whereby he is entitled to the boy's services, may inflict reasonable correction, and, in case the boy absconds, or is taken from him, may be process of law, have him restored to his custody?
At common law a man may bind himself by an agreement (73) that his child shall serve another a year or any number of years. So he may bind himself by an agreement that a stranger shall serve another, or that he will serve himself; and if the service be performed, he may recover the consideration; if not performed, he will be liable to an action for breach of contract. This is clear. Hiatt v. Gilmer, 28 N.C. 450. The testator of the defendant contracted with the plaintiff, a harness-maker, that his son should serve as an apprentice for five years, to learn the trade. The son served about two years, when the father took him away and sent him to school. The plaintiff sued and recovered damages for breach of contract.
Day v. Everett, 7 Mass. 145: An indenture was executed by the parties by which the plaintiff covenanted that his son would serve the defendant for six years, and the defendant convenanted to pay the plaintiff $50 at the end of the time. Action, convenant; breach, not paying the $50, the son having served out the term. Defendant demurred, and insisted that the covenant was void, as it did not pursue the statute of that State. Held, although the relation of "master and apprentice" was not established by the indenture, the covenants were good at common law, so as to entitle each party to an action for a breach.
Cuming v. Hill, 5 Eng. Com. Law, 229: A father, by indenture, convenanted that his son, who was 17 years of age, would serve the plaintiff as an apprentice for seven years. The son served until he was 21 and then quitted the service. Convenant against the father; breach, the son did not serve out the term. Held, although it was lawful for the son to quit, the father was amenable in damages. Baily, J.: "The father here binds himself that the son shall serve seven years. It is no answer in an action against the father for him to say it was in the option of the son whether he would serve or not. I may bind myself that A. B. shall do an act, although it is in his option whether he will do it or not."
These cases established the position that a father may bind himself by an agreement that his child shall serve another; and also (74) recognizes the distinction between the executory agreement and one executed so as to create the relation of master and apprentice, and confer the rights incident thereto. In Hiatt v. Gilmer it is not intimated that the plaintiff was entitled to have the custody of the son of the defendant's testator restored to him by a habeas corpus. In Day v. Everett the distinction is expressly referred to, and it is said the only remedy was by action for breach of contract, the parties not being entitled to the remedies given by law in case of "master and apprentice." The same distinction is taken in Phillips v. Murphy, 49 N.C. 45. A free negro executed a deed by which he "gave, granted, bargained and sold to one Nixon his services as a servant for five years, and the full and entire control of his person and labor during that time." The Court say: "The legal effect of the deed was not to make the free negro a slave, and vest in Nixon a title to him as property, but simply to give a right to his services for five years, upon an executory agreement; and although the parties supposed that Nixon was acquiring under the deed some right more tangible than a chose in action, yet such was not the case."
A father is entitled to the services of his child until he arrives at the age of 21. He has a right of property in the services; may enforce them by reasonable correction, and if the child absconds, or is taken away, may recover the custody by habeas corpus, which has superseded the writ of Homine replegiendo, anciently used to recover a villian-ward in knight service, or child; see Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium, 67. This interest was, however, personal to the father, and he could not assign it to a third person, except when the child, being old enough to understand the nature of a contract, which was held to be twelve years, gave his assent thereto by executing the deed with his father. King v. Inhabitants of Arnesby, 5 E. C. L., 385. It is there held: "A father has, at the common law, no authority to bind his infant son apprentice without his assent, and an indenture executed by the father and master, but not by the son also, does not create an apprenticeship." Baily, (75) J., says: "An infant can only bind himself by deed, and although the son had served some years, that being a matter in pais, did not bind him. In the case of a parish apprentice there is a special power given by statute, 5 Eliz., ch. 4, to parish officers to bind the apprentice until he comes of age. There he is bound without his assent; but a father has, at common law, no such right." Best, J., says: "There is no sufficient authority for saying that a father, at the common law, can bind his infant son apprentice without his assent, testified by the execution of the indenture."
The same principle which prevents a father from assigning his interest applies to the master of an apprentice bound by the county court under our statute. Futrell v. Vann, 30 N.C. 402. It is a personal trust, created in the one case by nature and in the other by the act of law, and cannot be transferred to a third person without the assent of the child in respect to the father, and of the county court in respect to the master. A deed executed by a child of tender years, too young to be capable of understanding the nature of a contract, is void, and will be so found upon the plea non est factum; but the deed of an infant having mental capacity is only voidable under the special plea of "infancy." There are two acts which an infant cannot avoid — marriage, because of the nature of the subject, and a deed of apprenticeship, if he be over the age of 12 years; because the power to execute the deed is necessary to provide the means of support, and it is presumed to be for the benefit of the infant, and it concerns the Commonwealth that infants should be kept employed so as to acquire habits of industry and become skillful in arts and trades. McPherson on Infants, 41 Law Lib., 479. "The act of binding himself as apprentice, being an act manifestly for the benefit of an infant, is one which he is competent to perform." For this is cited Burns' Justice, Art. "Apprentice." If the father of an infant be dead, he may, at the age of 12 years, at common law, execute the deed alone. (This subject is now under the control of the county court. Rev. Code, ch. 5). If the father be (76) living, it is necessary that both should execute the deed, so that the interest of the father may be relinquished. In this mode the relation of master and apprentice is established, and the effect of the deed is to vest in the master a property in the infant.
In our case, as the infant did not execute the deed, Kornegay acquired no property under it, and did not become entitled to the custody of the infant. His only remedy is by an action on the covenant for damages. It follows that Kornegay failed to show any lawful authority or right to detain the body of the infant in his custody; and as the infant is over 12 years of age, we find it settled that the proper order is to discharge the infant and permit him to go where he pleases.
Order below reversed. This order will be entered, and judgment against Kornegay for costs. King v. Greenhill, 31 E. Com. Law, 159; McPherson on Infants, 156.
In respect to the child Lucretia, who is under the age of 12 years, we find, by the same authorities, that the proper order is to restore her to the custody of the father; for although he may be liable under his covenant to be sued for damages, still his interest as father is not divested by it.
Order below reversed. This order will be entered, and judgment against Kornegay for costs.
PER CURIAM. Reversed.
Cited: Winchester v. Reid, 53 N.C. 379; In re Cain, 60 N.C. 528; S. v. Miller, 97 N.C. 454; Brown v. Rainor, 108 N.C. 205; Newsome v. Bunch, 144 N.C. 17; In re Parker, ib., 174; In re Jones, 153 N.C. 316.
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