Summary
In Murphy v. Wolfe, 329 Mo. 545, 45 S.W.2d 1079 (1932) the Court said (p. 1081): "The deposits in question in this case, however, cannot be said to fall within the terms of the statute.
Summary of this case from State Bank of Poplar Bluff v. ColemanOpinion
February 6, 1932.
1. JOINT DEPOSIT: Time Certificate: Statute: Presumption: Survivorship. Neither a certificate reciting that "Bridget Wolfe has deposited in this bank the sum of $4399.10 payable to the order of herself in six or twelve months or G.N. Wolfe, her husband, on the return of this certificate properly endorsed," nor another certificate reciting that "Bridget Wolfe and G.N. Wolfe have deposited in this bank the sum of $6,000 payable to the order of herself in six or twelve months or G.N. Wolfe, her husband, on the return of this certificate properly endorsed," was "in form to be paid to either, or the survivor of them" and neither deposit fell within the terms of Section 5400, Revised Statutes 1929. Though the depositor (the wife, now deceased) may have intended, by the use of the words "payable to herself or G.N. Wolfe," that the deposits were to be paid to either or the survivor of them, they were not in form to be paid to either or the survivor of them, as prescribed by the statute, and hence the statutory presumption that the deposits became the property of both as joint tenants, or that the survivor became the sole owner, did not arise, and there is no statutory presumption to be reckoned with.
2. ____: Time Deposit: Ownership of Certificates: Intention of Depositor: Survivorship. The ownership of certificates of time deposits made in a bank, but not in the form prescribed by the statute, is to be determined by the intention of the depositor, a wife, in making them in the form she did. Where the certificates recited that they were payable to the order of herself or her husband, and when issued were handed to her and by her handed to her husband, and thereafter kept by him until her death, and there is convincing oral testimony that for more than a year prior to issuing them she had entertained the purpose of having the deposits changed and put in such form that they would become the property of her husband, if he survived her, he meets the burden of showing by the preponderance of the evidence that the deposits were made with the intention of creating a joint tenancy therein between her and himself with the right of survivorship.
3. ____: ____: ____: Gift to Husband: Married Woman's Act. The provisions of the Married Woman's Act (Sec. 3003, R.S. 1929) do not preclude a wife from investing her husband with a joint interest in her bank deposits, with the right of survivorship, without her express assent in writing. Where she deposits her own money in a bank and requires the certificates of deposit to recite that, when due, they shall be payable to her or her husband, and when so issued and handed to her she immediately passed them to him and they are kept by him thereafter, there is no reduction of the personal property of the wife by the husband of its possession to his use. The money or deposit being hers, she has a right to do with it as she pleases; she can therefore give her husband a joint interest with her in the funds she deposits in a bank, with the right of survivorship, by any method which clearly manifests such intent on her part and which effectuates a completed gift.
4. BANK DEPOSIT: Married Woman: Parol Gift: Certificate Issued to Him. A married woman can make a parol gift of her personal property to her husband. Where a married woman deposited with a bank $150 of her own money, together with $50 of her husband's money, and caused the bank to issue a time-deposit certificate reciting that the whole sum had been deposited by her husband and was payable to his order, and then delivered the certificate to the husband, the transaction constituted a completed gift to him of her part of the funds so deposited, and her express assent in writing was not necessary to effectuate the gift.
5. PAROL GIFT: To Husband: McMenamy Case. If the holding in In re Guardianship of McMenamy, 307 Mo. 98, 130, that a married woman can make a parol gift of her personal property to her husband was there obiter, it is no longer obiter, for it is now held, with the Married Woman's Act (Sec. 3003, R.S. 1929) in view, that such is the law.
Appeal from Osage Circuit Court. — Hon. Ransom A. Breuer, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
George J. Gove and Jacobs Henderson for appellant.
(1) The statute, Sec. 7328, R.S. 1919, is explicit that the certificate of deposit in the Morrison bank shall not be deemed to have been reduced to possession by the husband by his use, occupancy, care or protection thereof, but the same shall remain her separate property, unless, by the terms of said assent in writing, full authority shall have been given by the wife to the husband to sell, incumber or otherwise dispose of the same for his own use and benefit. Rodgers v. Bank, 69 Mo. 563; McCoy v. Hyatt, 80 Mo. 136; Broughton v. Brand, 94 Mo. 173; Gilliland v. Gilliland, 96 Mo. 524; Reifer v. Reifer, 79 Mo. 352; Watson v. Smelting Refining Co., 8 Mo. App. 604. (2) There is no evidence that Bridget Wolfe by gift or transfer, in writing, transferred and delivered to her husband, Geo. N. Wolfe, the time certificates on the Bank of Morrison or the Peoples Bank of Chamois, as set out in Sec. 7328, R.S. 1919. Kille v. Gooch, 184 S.W. 1158; Haguewood v. Britain, 273 Mo. 89. (3) To constitute a valid gift inter vivos, there must be not only an intention to give, but a delivery to the donee or to some one for her of the property given; and in order to constitute delivery the donor must absolutely divest herself with the present and future dominion and control over the property. Harris Banking Co. v. Miller, 190 Mo. 640. (4) G.N. Wolfe, being the husband of Bridget Wolfe and being in possession of the money and property belonging to his wife, became the trustee for her, unless transferred to him in writing to be his absolute property. Harris Banking Co. v. Miller, 190 Mo. 640. (5) The object of the statutes was to secure to married women the title to their property against the rights of their husbands to deprive the wife of her property. Long v. Maxtin, 152 Mo. 668; Urman v. Carroll, 83 Mo. App. 135. A married woman's right to control her separate property and is not dependent upon her being with her husband. Woodward v. Woodward, 148 Mo. 241. The main idea of the lawmakers was to secure to the wife the full enjoyment of her separate personal property, as against the common law claims of her husband. Beagles v. Beagles, 95 Mo. App. 345; Edgers v. Edgers, 225 Mo. 140; Hurt v. Cook, 151 Mo. 416. (6) The husband, by his use thereof, becomes either a trustee or a debtor of any and all personal property in his hands, not reduced to his possession with her assent in writing. Winn v. Riley, 151 Mo. 61; Jones v. Elkins, 143 Mo. 647; Alkire Gro. Co. v. Balenger, 137 Mo. 369; Bank v. Winn, 132 Mo. 80; Hoffman v. Elxer, 126 Mo. 486; McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 407. (7) The title to money or other personal property of a married woman is not transferred to the husband by his use, possession or care thereof. Alkire Gro. Co. v. Balenger, 137 Mo. 369. (8) The endorsement of a note owned by a married woman and delivered to her husband is not such written assent under this Section 7328 as will authorize him to pledge or dispose of said note for his own use. MacMahon v. Welsh, 132 Mo. App. 593; Hurt v. Cook, 151 Mo. 416; Case v. Espenschied, 169 Mo. 215; McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403. (9) When the husband holds or converts the property of his wife without her written assent as required in Sec. 7328, R.S. 1919, she may treat him as her trustee or as a single debtor. Broughton v. Brand, 94 Mo. 169; Owen v. Wiggens, 133 Mo. 630; Jones v. Elkens, 143 Mo. 647; Winn v. Riley, 151 Mo. 61; McLeon v. Venable, 163 Mo. 536; Hudson v. Wright, 204 Mo. 432. (10) The mere endorsement of the note falls short of the express assent of the wife, required by the statute. Games v. Groff, 157 Mo. 402; McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403; Winn v. Riley, 151 Mo. 61. (11) In attempting to create a jointure, if a jointure was attempted, the banking statute was not complied with. Sec. 5400, R.S. 1929, being Sec. 11779, R.S. 1919; Sec. 3003, R.S. 1929, being Sec. 7328, R.S. 1919; Messenbaugh v. Goll, 202 S.W. 265; McMahon v. Welch, 132 Mo. App. 593; McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403; Hurt v. Cook, 151 Mo. 416; Case v. Espenschied, 169 Mo. 215; Craig v. Bank of Joplin, 189 Mo. App. 389; Crowley v. Crowley, 167 Mo. App. 414; Donovan v. Boyd Griffith, 215 Mo. 149; Powell v. Powell, 183 S.W. 625; Dacurso v. Dacurso's Estate, 239 S.W. 890. (12) A wife cannot direct that either personal property or a chose in action be payable to her husband or to herself and her husband, nor can she by mere endorsement reduce personal property or a chose in action to the possession of her husband unless she does so by means of a written assent authorizing him to sell, dispose of, or encumber same and reduce it to his immediate possession and dominion. Sec. 3003, R.S. 1929, being Sec. 7328, R. 548 So. 1919; Messenbaugh v. Goll, 202 S.W. 265; McMahon v. Welch, 132 Mo. App. 593; McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403; Hurt v. Cook, 151 Mo. 416; Case v. Espenschied, 169 Mo. 215; Craig v. Bank of Joplin, 189 Mo. App. 389; Crowley v. Crowley, 167 Mo. App. 414; Donovan v. Boyd Griffith, 215 Mo. 149; Powell v. Powell, 183 Mo. 625; Dacurso v. Dacurso's Estate, 239 S.W. 890. (13) The opinion of this court en banc in McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403, which was the law of the case at bar, was not overruled by the dicta in the case of In re McMenamy's Guardianship, 307 Mo. 98; State ex rel. v. Becker, 235 S.W. 1017; Kinnert v. Smith, 41 S.W.2d 381. (14) The case of Haguewood v. Britain, 273 Mo. 89, was not the law of the case at bar for the reason that it was an opinion of Division Number One and could not overrule the decision of this court en banc in the case of McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403. Further the Haguewood case, supra, and the case of Larrick v. Heathman, 288 Mo. 370, differ in their facts from the instant case and are predicated, with respect to the certificates of deposit in the instant case, upon the fact in each of the above cases that the deed on its face created an estate in the entirety.
John P. Peters and E.M. Zevely for respondent.
(1) The "bank section" of the Missouri Revised Statutes of 1929, sec. 5400, was taken from the Banking Laws of New York, 1892, Ball v. Mercantile Trust Co., 220 Mo. App. 1165, 1172. Under the accepted rule of this State in the construing of statutes of another state, adopted by this State, the construction of the statute in the foreign state before its adoption here is controlling after its adoption. With this legal pronouncement before us, we state: "If the relation of husband and wife could be eliminated from consideration, there would be no question but that Bridget Wolfe, by making the deposits in the form she did with the intention of giving respondent a joint interest in the funds during their lives and the absolute ownership thereof if he outlived her, created a joint tenancy with the attendant right of survivorship." Corcoran v. Hotaling, 164 A.D. (N.Y.) 75; Kennedy v. McMurray, 169 Cal. 287; Trust Co. v. Reagan, 193 Mo. App. 290. (2) The proof of intention of Mrs. Wolfe was clearly established by the testimony introduced and undenied. In the absence of proof to the contrary, husband and wife will be taken to be the joint owners in equal shares of money on deposit in bank to their joint credit. State ex rel. Toebben v. Brady, 53 Mo. App. 202. A promissory note made payable to the husband "or" his wife, passes on the decease of the husband to the wife, who becomes the sole owner of such note as his survivor. Wells v. Moore, 68 Mo. App. 499. Where certain promissory notes given for rent of land which was the separate estate of a married woman were made payable to the order of her husband and herself, . . . the joint payee took them by survivorship. Shields v. Stillman, 48 Mo. 82; Sec. 3114, R.S. 1929. If the relation of husband and wife does not prevent the usual incident of survivorship, then the certificates were sufficiently "in form" of the statute. Corcoran v. Hotaling, 164 A.D. (N.Y.) 75; Kennedy v. McMurray, supra; Trust Co. v. Reagan, 193 Mo. App. 290; Ambruster v. Ambruster, 31 S.W.2d 28; Mississippi Valley Trust Co. v. Smith, 320 Mo. 989, 9 S.W.2d 58. No particular formula is required and courts will be controlled by the substance of the transaction rather than by the name given it. Mississippi Valley Trust Co. v. Smith, 320 Mo. 1000; Conqueror Trust Co. v. Craig, 204 Mo. App. 650. (3) Survivorship is favored as to husband and wife, being especially preserved in the statute abolishing joint tenancies as to other persons. R.S. 1929, sec. 3114; Haguewood v. Britain, 273 Mo. 89; Larrick v. Heathman, 288 Mo. 370. (4) On the certificate for $4,173.45, dated October 19, 1927, the first step necessary to effect the change desired was the endorsement by the wife, the payee therein named, and with a full knowledge of the result to be attained, which she had carefully considered for over a year, she made that endorsement with her own hand as fully as she was capable of doing. As to whether this was a sufficient "assent in writing" this case, in the light of all the surrounding facts and circumstances, should surely be distinguished from cases cited by appellant, such as McGuire v. Allen, 108 Mo. 403; Hurt v. Cook, 151 Mo. 416; Powell v. Powell, 183 S.W. 625; Case v. Espenschied, 169 Mo. 215; Messenbaugh v. Goll, 202 S.W. 265, and McMahon v. Welch, 132 Mo. App. 593, wherein the husband was in possession of checks or notes, with the mere blank endorsement of the wife, and used them for his own benefit without her consent, and in some of the cases without her knowledge. (5) The Married Woman's Act, Sec. 3003, R.S. 1919, relied on by appellant to defeat the claim of respondent, specifically states that it does not apply to any personal property reduced to the possession of the husband with the express assent of the wife. "Assent in writing" is only required under another part of the section where the husband has reduced to his possession without the assent of the wife her property, and he attempts to "sell, encumber or otherwise dispose of same," in which event so to do her assent in writing is required, and the requirements of a writing is limited to such transactions or attempted transactions on the part of the husband. In re Guardianship of McMenamy, 307 Mo. 131. Respondent never had possession of the money represented by the certificates nor the certificates prior to their change by her own direction. The two sections of our statutes, 3003 and 2998, must be read together. Hurt v. Cook, 151 Mo. 429; then if read together in order to sustain appellant under Section 3003, the court must do violence to that part of Section 2998, giving a married woman the rights of a " femme sole to carry on and transact business on her own account, to contract and be contracted with." In the case at bar the wife was the sole actor; she plainly made known her wishes to her banker, after long consideration, and he at her direction used the best method or form known to him to accomplish her desires, and drew up the certificates of deposits in the form before the court. It is plain from the whole of the testimony that the wife fully intended that in event of her death while her husband survived, that respondent, her husband, should have the whole of the funds represented by the certificates. This was the prime feature that actuated her in the beginning, and remained paramount throughout the whole transaction, as gleaned from the uncontroverted facts in the case. State ex rel. v. Becker, 235 S.W. 1019. (6) Respondent is entitled to the funds represented by the certificates as a parol gift. He is entitled to the funds under the statute on banks and banking, Sec. 5400, R.S. 1929, and he is also entitled as surviving joint tenant, and upon the whole transaction on the part of his wife, in view of Section 2998, he is not barred from claiming the funds by Section 3003. Under the testimony a contract between Mr. and Mrs. Wolfe to deposit their funds as joint tenants may easily be implied, and the circuit court's judgment sustained on that ground.
This proceeding was commenced in the Probate Court of Osage County by appellant, as distributee, to compel respondent, as administrator, to inventory as assets of the estate of Bridget Wolfe, deceased, certain time deposits in bank made by the intestate in her lifetime and for which certificates had been issued. On an appeal from the probate court the cause was heard de novo in the circuit court, resulting in a judgment for the administrator. An appeal was taken to the Kansas City Court of Appeals and by that court transferred here on the ground that the amount in dispute exceeded $7,500.
There is no controversy as to the facts. Bridget Wolfe at the time of her death was the wife of respondent, George N. Wolfe. They were married in November, 1926, and she died in the early part of the year, 1929. At the time of their marriage she was a widow. Both were elderly. She had no children by her former marriage, and following her marriage to Wolfe she and her husband resided on his farm in Osage County.
On October 19, 1926, the Morrison Bank at Morrison, Missouri, issued to Bridget Wolfe two certificates for time deposits, one for $4173.45 and one for $6000; each recited that the sum therein named was "payable to the order of herself in six or twelve months on the return of this certificate properly endorsed, with interest at four per cent per annum if left six months." On September 5, 1928, she appeared at the bank accompanied by her husband and told the cashier that she wanted the certificates so changed that the money represented by the deposits would be her husband's if she died first, that the survivor of them could draw the money. Thereupon she surrendered the certificates and the bank issued her two in lieu of them. One of them was for $4,399.10, being the principal of the $4173.45 certificate surrendered, with interest. This new certificate recited: "Bridget Wolfe has deposited in this bank the sum of $4399.10 payable to the order of herself in six or twelve months or G.N. Wolfe, her husband, on the return of this certificate properly endorsed. With four per cent interest if left six months." The other certificate was for $6,000; it recited: "Bridget Wolfe and G.N. Wolfe, has deposited in this bank the sum of $6000 payable to the order of herself in six or twelve months or G.N. Wolfe, her husband, on the return of this certificate properly endorsed, etc." On the same day, September 5, 1928, she made a third deposit of $100 and caused to be issued a certificate which contained the same recitals as the one for $4399.10. When the certificates were prepared they were handed to her by the cashier; she, in the presence of the cashier, gave them to her husband and told him to keep them. He put them in his deposit box in the Morrison Bank.
Prior to the transactions just chronicled, on May 25, 1928, a deposit of $200 was made in the People's Bank of Chamois for which was issued a certificate reciting that "G.N. Wolfe has deposited in this bank $200 payable to the order of himself on the return of this certificate properly endorsed six or twelve months after date with interest at four per cent per annum." This deposit was made up of $150 of Mrs. Wolfe's money and $50 of her husband's. Both were present at the time the deposit was made, but she conducted the transaction with the bank. The cashier gave the certificate, which had been prepared in accordance with her direction, to her and she handed it to her husband.
At the times above referred to Mrs. Wolfe was an intelligent woman and capable of managing her business affairs. There is no suggestion of fraud, coercion or undue influence.
Prior to the issuance of the certificates of date September 5, 1928, her husband had made deposits in bank of funds of his own and caused to be issued thereon certificates payable to either himself or his wife, or the survivor. She merely followed suit in having issued in the form they were the three certificates of the Morrison bank.
During her last illness Bridget Wolfe directed her husband to withdraw the funds represented by the $100 certificate; this he did by endorsing the certificate and delivering it to the bank. The remaining certificates were in his possession at the time of her death. They represented deposits of what, with the exception of $50, had been Bridget Wolfe's money. As administrator of her estate he did not inventory them because he considered them his. He claims the funds payable under the certificates for $4399.10 and $6000, respectively, by right of survivorship; he claims those payable under the $200 certificate as a gift. The validity of these claims presents the issue for determination.
As an all-sufficient ground for the rejection of respondent's claims of ownership of the bank deposits in question, appellant interposes Section 7238, Revised Statutes 1919 — Section 3003 of the present Revision. It provides that the personal property of the wife "shall not be deemed to have been reduced to possession by the husband by his use, occupancy, care or protection thereof, but the same shall remain her separate property, unless by the terms of said assent, in writing, full authority shall have been given by the wife to the husband to sell, encumber or otherwise dispose of the same for his own use and benefit." Before considering the applicability of the statute to the transactions disclosed by the record, it may be well to determine what interest, if any, would have been acquired by respondent in the deposits made by Bridget Wolfe had there been no marital relation existing between them. And first as to the deposits made in the Morrison bank.
Section 11779, Revised Statutes 1919 — Section 5400 of the Revision of 1929 — provides:
"When a deposit shall have been made by any person in the name of such depositor and another person and in form to be paid to either, or the survivor of them, such deposit thereupon and any additions thereto made by either of such persons, upon the making thereof, shall become the property of such persons as joint tenants, and the same, together with all interest thereon, shall be held for the exclusive use of the persons so named, and may be paid to either during the lifetime of both, or to the survivor after the death of one of them."
As construed by this court in two recent cases the statute gives rise to a presumption that a deposit made within its purview becomes the property of the depositors as joint tenants, and, in the absence of competent evidence to the contrary, actually fixes the ownership of the fund in the persons named as joint tenants with the attendant right of survivorship. [Ambruster v. Ambruster, 326 Mo. 51, 31 S.W.2d 28; Mississippi Valley Trust Co. v. Smith, 320 Mo. 989, 9 S.W.2d 58.]
The deposits in question in this case, however, cannot be said to fall within the terms of the statute. It may very well be that the depositor by the use of the words, "payable to herself or G.N. Wolfe," intended the deposits to be paid to either or the survivor of them, but they are not " in form to be paid to either, or the survivor of them." Hence, the statutory presumption just referred to does not arise from their use.
As there is no statutory presumption in the case to be reckoned with, the question as to the ownership of the deposits must be resolved on the proof touching Bridget Wolfe's intention in making them in the form she did. The burden was upon respondent to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the deposits were made with the intention of creating a joint tenancy therein between her and himself with the right of survivorship. [Corcoran v. Hotaling, 164 A.D. (N.Y.) 75; Kennedy v. McMurray, 169 Cal. 287.]
In addition to the facts already noted, there was convincing oral testimony that for more than a year prior to the issuing of the certificates here in question Mrs. Wolfe had entertained the purpose of having the deposits changed and put in such form that they would become the property of her husband, if he survived her, and that her sole thought in surrendering her old certificates at the time she did and having new ones issued in lieu of them was to accomplish that purpose. We are of the opinion that respondent fully sustained the burden which rested upon him.
If the relation of husband and wife could be eliminated from consideration, there would be no question but that Bridget Wolfe, by making the deposits in the form she did with the intention of giving respondent a joint interest in the funds during their lives and the absolute ownership thereof if he outlived her, created a joint tenancy with the attendant right of survivorship. [Corcoran v. Hotaling, supra; Kennedy v. McMurray, supra; Trust Co. v. Reagan, 193 Mo. App. 290, 183 S.W. 1137.]
We come now to the real question in the case. Did the provisions of the Married Women's Act above quoted preclude Mrs. Wolfe from investing her husband with a joint interest in her bank deposits, with the right of survivorship, in the manner and by the method followed by her for that purpose? We think the question has heretofore been ruled by this court upon facts more or less analogous.
In Haguewood v. Britain, 273 Mo. 89, a wife's money, in 1910, was invested in land; the deed was taken to her and her husband, creating, on its face, an estate by the entireties. After her death, in 1912, her heirs sought to have a trust declared in their favor. The facts were that the wife had conducted and closed the negotiations for the property; consulted lawyers as to the best method of securing her husband in the enjoyment of the property in case of her own death; deliberately, after the matter was explained, chose to have the property conveyed as she did in preference to taking the whole title and providing for her husband by will; then paid her money and accepted the deed in the form in which she had had her own attorney prepare it. In passing on the question of whether a trust arose under such circumstances, this court said:
"Appellants rely upon cases . . . holding that if the husband, with or without the wife's knowledge and consent, invests her money in realty and takes title, in whole or in part, in his own name, a trust arises in her favor. The doctrine of these cases is that the wife's money in the husband's hands is a trust fund and the property in which he invests it becomes trust property; . . . that the statute . . . renders nugatory her oral consent to her husband's use of her separate money and that her oral direction as to its use by him constitutes no nearer approach to compliance with the statute than does her oral consent. . . . Of these decisions those which present the husband as the sole actor or as attempting to shield himself behind the wife's wholly ineffectual oral consent to his use of her money, clearly have no application to the instant case, in which the wife was the sole actor and, after advising with her counsel, deliberately and independently chose the course she took."
In Larrick v. Heathman, 288 Mo. 370, husband and wife bought a tract of land, each contributing to the purchase price, and took a deed in their joint names in order that upon the death of one the survivor would have the full title. In considering whether a trust arose in favor of her heirs, to the extent of her contribution to the purchase money, it was said:
"It is clear to us that the intent of the two purchasers of the land involved was to create an estate by the entirety, and that they so contracted with the seller. In a case like this the intent is a vital matter. This evidence tends to show that Fannie was investing her own money, and not that her husband had gotten possession of it without her written consent, and was using it for his own benefit. That question, i.e. the use of the wife's money without her written consent, is not really in this case. Here we have husband and wife purchasing a farm (each putting money therein), and in the course of their contract of purchase directing the form of conveyance that they desired. These facts corroborate the deed, rather than tending to establish a resulting trust."
In the instant case the wife did not cause land purchased with her own means to be conveyed to herself and her husband jointly, so that it would go to the survivor, but she did deliberately deposit her funds in bank in such form as to create a joint interest therein in her husband, with the attendant right of survivorship.
In Craig v. Bradley, 153 Mo. App. 586, the Kansas City Court of Appeals held that if the husband takes the wife's separate money, without her consent, in writing, as provided by statute, and invests it in notes or real estate, taking the deed or notes in the name of both, he does not hold by an estate in the entirety, but will be considered as a trustee for the amount of her money. But this rule does not prevent the wife performing the transaction herself so as to create such an estate. This holding was later followed by the same court in Yates v. Trust Company, 220 S.W. 692.
Under the Married Woman's Act a wife, with respect to owning, managing and disposing of her property, whether real or personal, is a femme sole, and being sui juris, may do with it as she pleases; the inhibition of the act which is invoked is directed against a husband's reducing his wife's personal property to his possession without her assent in writing. Such is the principle of decision in the cases just referred to. Bridget Wolfe could therefore have given her husband a joint interest with her in the funds which she deposited in bank, with the right of survivorship, by any method which clearly manifested such an intent on her part and which effectuated a completed gift. That the method employed by her did effect a completely executed gift finds clear exposition in Trust Co. v. Reagan, supra.
The transaction had by Mrs. Wolfe with the bank at Chamois, wherein she deposited with that bank $150 of her own money together with $50 of her husband's, caused the bank to issue a certificate reciting that the whole sum had been deposited by her husband and was payable to his order and then delivered the certificate to him, constituted a completed gift of her part of the funds so deposited, unless her express assent in writing was necessary to effectuate the gift. If the question of whether such assent was necessary is not disposed of by what has already been said, it is set at rest by In re Guardianship of McMenamy, 307 Mo. 98, 130-133. In that case it was squarely held that a married woman can make a parol gift of her personal property to her husband. It is claimed by appellant, however, that what is said in the McMenamy case regarding a married woman's capacity to make a parol gift to her husband is obiter; if it is, it will be so no longer, for we adopt its conclusion in that respect and the reasoning by which such conclusion was reached as wholly applicable in this case.
The judgment of the circuit court should be, and is, affirmed. All concur.
The foregoing opinion of RAGLAND, J., in Division One, is adopted as the opinion of the Court en Banc. All of the judges concur.