Opinion
Argued November 23, 1905
Decided January 9, 1906
Charles E. Hotchkiss, Julien T. Davies and Charles H. Tuttle for Daniel S. Tuttle, appellant and respondent.
William G. Low, Robert G. Mead, Jr., and Archibald M. Langford for James B. Funsten et al., appellants.
William H. Hamilton for Maria L. Mount et al., respondents. Charles S. Martin for Susan Mount et al., respondents.
J. Sheldon Frost, Russell S. Johnson and George M. Fannin for Attorney-General.
The action was brought for the construction of the will of Maria B. Mount, a resident of this state, who died October 3rd, 1899. By her will, which bore date December 22d 1880, the testatrix provided: "As a thank-offering to Almighty God for all his benefits to me, I give, devise and bequeath unto the Reverend Daniel S. Tuttle, Bishop of Utah, the Protestant Episcopal Missionary Bishop of Utah and Idaho, in his corporate capacity, and to his successor or successors in office, the sum of Twenty Thousand 00/100 Dollars, In Trust, nevertheless, to erect therewith, at such place within the limits of his Episcopal Jurisdiction, as he, his successor or successors, shall select, a Protestant Episcopal Church building to God's glory, and the further sum of Five Thousand 00/000 Dollars, In Trust, nevertheless, to erect therewith in the same place, a rectory for the rector or clergyman in charge of said church, to be the property of the aforesaid Protestant Episcopal jurisdiction." Between the time of the execution of the will and the decease of the testatrix, Bishop Tuttle was transferred to the diocese of Missouri, and the territory comprised within the missionary district was apportioned between three new dioceses; Utah was assigned to the "Bishop of Salt Lake," the incumbent, at the time of this action being Bishop Leonard, who was originally made a defendant herein; the southern portion of Idaho to the bishop of Boise, the present incumbent being the defendant appellant Bishop Funsten, and the northern portion of Idaho to the bishop of Spokane, the present incumbent being the defendant appellant Bishop Wells. The bishop of Salt Lake died during the pendency of this action, and thereupon, under the constitution of the Protestant Episcopal church in this country, Bishop Tuttle as senior bishop of the church became ad interim bishop of Salt Lake, and was substituted as a defendant in place of his predecessor. At the time of the testatrix's death there was no such corporation as the Protestant Episcopal jurisdiction or church of Utah and Idaho, nor has any such corporation since been created. The trial court found as matters of fact that said gifts were void and invalid under the laws of Utah and of Idaho, and awarded the fund to the next of kin of the testatrix. This judgment was affirmed by the Appellate Division by a divided court.
We shall not enter upon a consideration of how far the changes in the diocese of Utah and Idaho prior to the testatrix's decease affected the validity of her testamentary disposition. Those changes doubtless create some embarrassment, but we are not prepared to say the difficulty would be insuperable if we did not feel constrained to hold the gift bad on other grounds. The principal discussion in the learned Appellate Division seems to have turned on the question how far our recent statute regulating gifts for charitable purposes (Laws 1893, chap. 701) has extra-territorial effect. We will assume that were the gift to be administered within this state its validity would be upheld under the statute cited. ( Allen v. Stevens, 161 N.Y. 122.) The majority of the Appellate Division held that the validity of the trust or gift was to be determined by the laws of Utah and Idaho, not by those of this state. The learned judge who wrote for the minority of the court was of opinion that as the trust was valid under the laws of this state the trustees could be compelled to designate beneficiaries, who, being then made certain instead of, as before, indefinite, could secure an enforcement of the trust in the courts of any state, and thus the administration of the trust be independent of the laws of that state. The learned judge, referring to the statement made by Judge ALLEN in Chamberlain v. Chamberlain ( 43 N.Y. 424) that "a gift by will of a citizen of this state to a charity, or upon a trust to be administered in a sister state which would be lawful in this state, the domicile of the donor, would not be sustained, if it was not in accordance with the laws of the state in which the fund was to be administered," said that he knew of no case in which that dictum had been enforced and a legacy on a trust valid in this state declared invalid because it could not be enforced in the state in which the fund was to be administered. It may be that there is no case which decides the exact proposition. We are of opinion that the validity of a gift or trust under such circumstances depends on the extent to which it is necessary that the administration should be had in the foreign jurisdiction. For example, we do not at present see why a legacy given by a citizen of this state, even to a foreign trustee in trust to distribute the principal or the annual income among poor clergymen in a foreign state, could not be upheld, though such a trust was invalid by the laws of that state. The laws of a state on the subject of trusts are intended to regulate the tenure of property therein. ( Hope v. Brewer, 136 N.Y. 138.) We imagine that in no jurisdiction are human beings of age and of sound mind incompetent to receive money or personal property. Therefore, in the case suggested there would seem no difficulty, despite the non-residence of the trustee, in retaining the fund here where the tenure would be legal and in remitting the money as it might become payable to the foreign beneficiaries. Where, however, as in this case, the object of the trust is the acquisition of lands in another state, it is plain that the execution of the trust must depend entirely on the validity under the laws of that state of the trust under which the land is to be there held or on the competency to take of the donee upon whom the title is to be conferred. The tenure of lands within any state depends solely on the laws of that state and cannot be affected by the statutes of any other state. In the present case the trial court has found, and that finding has been affirmed by the Appellate Division, that under the laws of Utah and Idaho the trust created by the will is illegal and that the Protestant Episcopal church of those states is not a competent grantee. As long as that finding stands the judgments below cannot be successfully attacked. But the learned counsel for the appellants insists that the finding is without evidence or authority for its support, and to a consideration of that question we are now brought.
It is urged that the so-called common-law doctrine of charitable trusts prevails in Utah and Idaho. The evidence as to the state of the law in Utah consists of a statute adopting the common law and of several decisions made by the Supreme Court of that state relating to the funds and property of the Mormon church, which was dissolved by an act of Congress. Those decisions seem to establish that to some extent, at least, the law of charitable trusts prevails in that state. As to the law of Idaho the only evidence is a statute adopting the common law. It is contended, however, that at common law the doctrine of charitable trusts did obtain and it is said that what the state of Idaho adopted was the common law of England, not that of the state of New York. The last statement is entirely true; but in the absence of evidence that the courts of Idaho have taken a contrary view we must assume that our construction of the common law of England (there is but one common law) is correct and that it is accepted in that state as well as in this. ( Monroe v. Douglass, 5 N.Y. 447; Chapin v. Dobson, 78 N.Y. 74.) At this point it is necessary to determine what is the trust on which the fund was bequeathed. It was held in the minority opinion below and it is contended on this appeal by the learned counsel for the appellants that the trust is to select the site, construct thereon the church and rectory, and hold the property in trust for the Protestant Episcopal church of Idaho and Utah. That such a trust was invalid in this state until the enactment of the statute of 1893 was settled by Levy v. Levy ( 33 N.Y. 97) and Holland v. Alcock ( 108 N.Y. 312), to which decisions our courts have firmly adhered. It is by no means certain, however, on which of two grounds the decisions have proceeded, that the law, or that the law of charitable uses, though part of the common law, was abrogated by the repealing act of 1788 (Ch. 116, § 132) and by the provisions of the Revised Statutes regulating trusts. If the first was the ground of the decisions, we must assume that the trusts are illegal under the laws of Idaho; if the second is the ground, we must assume the trusts to be valid in that state. The question is an interesting one, but we do not feel called upon to decide it, as we think the trust was not of the character claimed. Under the will the duty of the trustee is confined to the selection of a site and the erection thereon of a church and rectory and the application of the fund for such purpose. There is no direction that the lands and buildings shall be subsequently held in trust by the trustee named or other person; on the contrary, they are "to be the property of the aforesaid Protestant Episcopal Church." Had there been a corporation of that character competent to take, unquestionably the trust would have been fully executed and discharged when the site was selected and the buildings erected. The title would necessarily be taken in the name of the church. In other words, the trust is solely to convert moneys into real estate and convey that real estate to a specified grantee. If the grantee had been competent to take, it would be immaterial whether the trust on which the fund was given was valid under the laws of Utah and Idaho or not, because the fund would not become subject to the jurisdiction of those states until it was converted into land, at which point the trust would cease. The difficulty, however, is that the Protestant Episcopal church of Utah and Idaho was at most only a voluntary unincorporated association and, therefore, incompetent to take or to hold the property. This was so held in Owens v. Missionary Society ( 14 N.Y. 380). The authority of that case has never been questioned. It must be borne in mind that the decision was made at a time when the law of charitable trusts was supposed to prevail, at least to some extent in this state. The case of Williams v. Williams ( 8 N.Y. 525), decided three years earlier, had declared that the law of charitable uses, as it existed in England at the time of the Revolution, was the law of this state. Yet the Owens case, while not impugning the doctrine of the Williams case, held that a devise made directly to an unincorporated voluntary association was void even under the doctrine of charitable uses. The case is cited with approval as late as Murray v. Miller ( 178 N.Y. 316). We are aware that in some states a contrary doctrine prevails, and it is held that a gift to a voluntary charitable or religious society is a gift in trust for the uses and purposes of such society. There is nothing, however, to show that that doctrine prevails either in Utah or in Idaho. Therefore, the finding of the trial court as to the invalidity of the trust and the incapacity of the grantee to take is not without evidence or presumption to sustain it.
It is urged by the appellants that the difficulty created by the incapacity of the Protestant Episcopal church of Utah and Idaho to hold the title to the church and rectory property can be obviated by directing the trustees, after their selection of the site, to organize a corporation in the state in which the site may be located and convey the property to the corporation. The laws of both states grant sufficient authority for the incorporation of such corporations. But the objection to this scheme is that it does not comply with the will of the testatrix. She did not direct that the church and rectory should be the property of such a religious association as her trustees might incorporate, but of the Protestant Episcopal church of those two states. It is entirely probable that had she foreseen the difficulty encountered in carrying out the provisions of her will, she would have made a different disposition and possibly the one now suggested. The statute of 1893, however, does not empower the courts to modify or alter the directions of a testator, but merely validates testamentary directions which before its enactment would have been void, and empowers the courts to enforce the execution of those directions. The amendment to the statute, made in 1901, was enacted after the death of the testatrix, and has no application to this case. Moreover, the authority granted to the courts, when literal compliance with the terms of a gift to charity becomes impracticable or impossible, to administer the gift in such manner as will most effectually accomplish the will of the donor, can be exercised only after the lapse of twenty-five years from the time of the gift.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs to all parties, payable out of the fund.
GRAY, O'BRIEN, BARTLETT, HAIGHT, VANN and WERNER, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed.