Opinion
Docket No. 77-3481.
Decided October 1, 1979. Leave to appeal applied for.
Sloan, Zarbock, Risdon, Benefiel Farrer, for plaintiff.
Howard Howard, for defendant.
Before: R.B. BURNS, P.J., and ALLEN and MacKENZIE, JJ.
On August 17, 1974, George Moshier was killed in an automobile accident. Mrs. Moshier, individually and as next friend of her children, brought suit against defendant Financial Indemnity Company for the no-fault insurance benefits.
Prior to trial, in response to plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment, the trial court held that § 3109(1) of the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq., was unconstitutional, and, thus, the court prohibited the defendant from taking a set-off for Social Security benefits being received by the plaintiff. The defendant also brought a motion for partial summary judgment based on two separate grounds. First, that the court hold that expenses in obtaining services in place of those that the deceased would have performed pursuant to § 3108 be limited to a maximum of $20 per day for all dependents. Second, that the aggregate survivors' loss benefits provided for by § 3108 be subject to a maximum benefit of $1,000 in a single 30-day period, and that the benefits not be payable beyond the first three years after the date of the accident. The trial court denied partial summary judgment on both of these issues.
From the trial court's determinations as to the amount of defendant's liability under the no-fault act, the defendant appeals as of right.
I
The defendant first argues that the trial judge erred in ruling that § 3109(1) of the no-fault act is unconstitutional. This section dictates that the benefits provided under state or Federal law shall be subtracted from personal protection insurance benefits otherwise payable for the injury. In O'Donnell v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 404 Mich. 524; 273 N.W.2d 829 (1979), the Supreme Court held that the provision did not violate either the Due Process or Equal Protection clauses of the state or Federal constitutions. Thus, the trial court's holding that § 3109(1) is unconstitutional must be reversed; the defendant is entitled to a credit against benefits owed the plaintiff in the amount plaintiff received in Social Security benefits.
II
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in determining that § 3108 limits benefits for expenses in obtaining services in lieu of those the deceased would have performed to $20 per day per dependent rather than $20 per day for all dependents. Section 3108 provides:
"(1) Except as provided in subsection (2), personal protection insurance benefits are payable for a survivor's loss which consists of a loss, after the date on which the deceased died, of contributions of tangible things of economic value, not including services, that dependents of the deceased at the time of the deceased's death would have received for support during their dependency from the deceased if the deceased had not suffered the accidental bodily injury causing death and expenses, not exceeding $20.00 per day, reasonably incurred by these dependents during their dependency and after the date on which the deceased died in obtaining ordinary and necessary services in lieu of those that the deceased would have performed for their benefit if the deceased had not suffered the injury causing death. Except as provided in section (2) the benefits payable for a survivor's loss in connection with the death of a person in a single 30-day period shall not exceed $1,000.00 for accidents occurring before October 1, 1978, and shall not exceed $1,475.00 for accidents occurring on or after October 1, 1978, and is not payable beyond the first three years after the date of the accident." (Emphasis supplied.)
We conclude that the $20 per day maximum applies to all of the dependents, who, therefore, must share in the distribution. The provision employs the plural term "dependents", thus indicating a legislative intent to limit the total recovery to $20 per day regardless of the number of dependents. Further, according to the Michigan Supreme Court in Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich. 554, 620; 267 N.W.2d 72 (1978):
"Under the act, an injured person may be reimbursed for such services up to a limit of $20 a day for a maximum period of three years. (This limit may be adjusted annually to keep pace with changes in the cost of living.) (§ 3107[b].) The family of the injured person may receive the same reimbursement should the injured person die. (§ 3108.)" (Emphasis supplied.)
This language implies that the right of the dependents to recover expenses for replacement services is derivative of the injured person's right. Thus, the dependents, in aggregate, are limited to the maximum of $20 per day just as the injured person would have been. The trial court's decision that the $20 per day limitation applies to each dependent must, consequently, be reversed.
III
Defendant finally contends that the trial court erred in holding that the term "survivor's loss", as set forth in § 3108, does not encompass expenses for replacement services. The trial court's ruling results in the exemption of benefits received for replacement services expenses from the $1,000 per 30-day period and three-year limitations. It was the trial court's opinion that had the Legislature intended the term "survivor's loss" to include both contributions of things having economic value and expenses for replacement services, it could have inserted the word "both" before the words "a loss". Further, because the statute is in derogation of the common law, the court held that the provision must be strictly construed.
This issue was encountered in Olivera v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 451 F. Supp. 889 (ED Mich, 1978), where the United States District Court held that the term "survivor's loss" encompasses expenses for replacement services as well as loss of contributions of tangible things of economic value. The court noted that the term "survivor's loss" is clearly demarcated from the phrase "a loss of contribution" by the phrase "which consists of", thus suggesting that the term "survivor's loss" consists of more than a loss of contributions. Second, if survivor's loss and expenses were distinct, the word "for" should appear before the phrase "expenses for replacement services", as well as "survivor's loss". Finally, the $1,000 limit was separately stated in the final sentence of § 3108, indicating that it applies to both types of benefits set forth in the previous sentence.
The Olivera holding conforms with dicta appearing in Belcher v Aetna Casualty Surety Co, 83 Mich. App. 207, 212-213; 268 N.W.2d 349 (1978). The Court stated:
"Further support for this conclusion can be found by comparing the method of computing survivor's benefits, MCL 500.3108; MSA 24.13108, with the method for computing the work loss portion of the personal protection benefits available to an injured person, MCL 500.3107; MSA 24.13107. Both are payable for up to three years and are subject to a $1000 maximum for any 30-day period. Both include the cost of expenses, up to $20 per day, incurred in obtaining services which would have been provided by the injured person."
The Court's discussion of "survivor's benefits" provided for in § 3108 was incident to its determination that a dependent's right to recover is derivative of the injured person's rights to personal protection benefits.
A similar issue was recently faced by this Court in Pries v Travelers Ins Co, 86 Mich. App. 221; 272 N.W.2d 247 (1978), concerning the construction of § 3107 of the no-fault act. Whereas § 3108 provides for reimbursement to the family of the injured person should the injured person die, § 3107 allows for reimbursement to the injured person who has survived. Section 3107(b) states that "benefits are payable" for:
"Work loss consisting of loss of income from work an injured person would have performed during the first 3 years after the date of the accident if he had not been injured and expenses not exceeding $20.00 per day, reasonably incurred in obtaining ordinary and necessary services in lieu of those that, if he had not been injured, an injured person would have performed during the first 3 years after the date of the accident, not for income but for the benefit of himself or of his dependent. * * * The benefits payable for work loss sustained in a single 30-day period and the income earned by an injured person for work during the same period together shall not exceed $1,000.00, which maximum shall apply pro rata to any lesser period of work loss. The maximum shall be adjusted annually to reflect changes in the cost of living under rules prescribed by the commissioner but any change in the maximum shall apply only to benefits arising out of accidents occurring subsequent to the date of change in the maximum."
The Court held that the maximum monthly benefit allowance under the no-fault act for "work loss", $1,000, did not include the daily allowance for expenses incurred in obtaining replacement services.
The Pries Court had several bases for its conclusion. First, the word "and" appearing before the word "expenses" related back to the phrase "benefits are payable" rather than "work loss". Second, the sentence setting forth the $1,000 limit makes no mention of replacement services, whereas a $20 limit is set forth in the sentence concerned with replacement services. Third, the Court interpreted the Michigan Supreme Court's opinion in Shavers v Attorney General, supra, as referring to separate benefits payable, each with its own limit. The Court further noted that the defendant insurance company's interpretation would result in reduced first party benefits being paid, resulting in more injured parties seeking redress under the residual liability sections, MCL 500.3135(2)(c); MSA 24.13135(2)(c). The Court felt such a result would be counterproductive to the goals of the act. Finally, the Court found it significant that the act's residual liability section, MCL 500.3135(2)(c); MSA 24.13135(2)(c), mentions both "daily" and "monthly" limits.
Because of the derivative relationship of §§ 3107 and 3108, strong argument exists that they should be interpreted in pari materia. We find, however, the construction of § 3108 by the United States District Court in Olivera persuasive. Further, we note that §§ 3107 and 3108 are not identically worded. In § 3108, the three-year limitation appears only in the last sentence, along with the $1,000 per 30-day period limitation. Under the interpretation espoused by the plaintiff, no time limit whatsoever would apply to the payment of benefits for replacement services expenses, a result we doubt the Legislature intended. In § 3107, however, a three-year limit is expressly set forth for replacement services expenses.
We thus hold that the term "survivor's loss" includes expenses for replacement services, and that these benefits are, therefore, subject to the $1,000 per 30-day period and three-year limitations.
Reversed and remanded. No costs, interpretation of a statute being involved.