Opinion
No. 82-073
Decided May 6, 1983
1. Trespass — Trees and Wood — Burden of Proof An action for damages under the statute governing willful trespass to forest products is civil in nature and does not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt. RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981).
2. Trespass — Trees and Wood — Burden of Proof In plaintiffs' willful trespass to timber action, the master did not err in applying the civil burden of proof standard. RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981).
3. Trespass — Trees and Wood — Elements of Action In order to be liable for quintuple damages under the statute governing willful trespass to forest products, it must appear that the party's trespass to timber was done knowingly and willfully, and not through accident or mistake. RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981).
4. Evidence — Inferences — Willfulness and Knowledge Although willfulness and knowledge are sometimes difficult to prove, the trier of fact may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence to support such a finding.
5. Appeal and Error — Findings — Tests for Overturning Where reasonable inferences may be drawn from the evidence to support a finding of willfulness, the supreme court will not disturb the findings merely because inferences drawn by the trier of fact are debatable; rather, the court will uphold them unless they are unsupported by the evidence or erroneous as a matter of law.
6. Trespass — Trees and Wood — Liability The failure to make an inquiry to determine the ownership of land where the means of acquiring the knowledge are at hand is a sufficient basis for finding that a trespass and conversion of timber were willful.
7. Trespass — Trees and Wood — Liability Master's findings on the issue of the defendant's willful trespass were upheld, where the master found that defendant in a willful trespass to timber action, who had some experience in real estate, should have ascertained the location of his boundary so as to prevent the wrongful harvesting of timber and that the defendant could readily have ascertained the boundary from available plans and tax maps.
8. Release — Nature and Purpose When a release or a covenant not to sue is entered into with one joint tortfeasor, that does not discharge any of the other tortfeasors from liability, absent any expression to the contrary, but the settlement with one tortfeasor does reduce the claim against the others to the extent of the consideration paid for the release. RSA 507:7-b (Supp. 1979).
9. Trespass — Trees and Wood — Remedies and Damages In a willful trespass to timber action, where one joint tortfeasor paid the plaintiffs $1,000 in exchange for their covenant not to sue, that amount was to be set off against the quintuple damages of $7,000 awarded against the other tortfeasor, and not against the $1,400 actual damages, since the joint tortfeasor released from liability would have been jointly and severally liable for the quintuple damages if he had not settled with the plaintiffs. RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981).
Shaines, Madrigan McEachern P.A., of Portsmouth (Branch S. Sanders on the brief and orally), for the plaintiffs.
Steuk Reams, of Exeter (Robert L. Steuk and James Shorthill on the brief, and Mr. Steuk orally), for the defendant.
The defendant appealed a superior court decree awarding the plaintiffs damages for willful trespass to timber pursuant to RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981). For the reasons set forth below, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
The plaintiffs, Walter J. and Dona Morrill, are owners of land in Newfields which abuts the property of the defendant, Robert Webb. In May 1978, the defendant employed Donald R. Tardy to harvest timber on the Webb property in Newfields. The defendant instructed Tardy where to cut, and on appeal the parties do not dispute that the defendant erroneously directed Tardy to cut on land belonging to the plaintiffs. The plaintiff Walter Morrill soon discovered that Tardy was cutting timber on land which Morrill claimed to own, and he informed the defendant and Tardy of that fact. Although the cutting ceased when Morrill advised the defendant and Tardy of his claim to the land on which they were cutting, the parties did not agree as to the location of their common boundary and the amount of damages due to the erroneous cutting.
The plaintiffs brought suit against the defendant and Tardy pursuant to RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981) alleging willful trespass to timber for five times the actual damages caused by the cutting. Prior to the trial of this matter, Tardy paid the plaintiffs $1,000 in exchange for their covenant not to sue. The release executed by the plaintiffs, however, specifically reserved claims against the defendant Webb. The trial was bifurcated, and the Master (Robert E. Carr, Esq.) first heard evidence on the location of the boundary between the Morrill and Webb properties. The master's report found favorably to the plaintiffs and was approved by the Trial Court (Bean, J.). There was no appeal of that decision.
Evidence concerning the alleged willful trespass and damages was then heard by the master. After the hearing, which included a view of the property, the master found that the defendant was liable for willful trespass to the plaintiffs' timber under RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981). The master determined that the actual damage to the plaintiffs' timber due to the defendant's willful trespass was $1,400. Applying the rule of damages pursuant to RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981), the master quintupled the $1,400 figure and recommended an award of $7,000. The master's report was approved by the Trial Court (Nadeau, J.)
The defendant appealed, contending that because RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981) is penal in nature the master erred in not applying the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard. He also claims that the facts were insufficient to support a finding of willful trespass under RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981), and that the master erred in not reducing the damages by the $1,000 which the plaintiffs received from Tardy in settlement of their claim against him.
[1, 2] An action for damages under RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981) is civil in nature and does not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Peaslee v. Koenig, 122 N.H. 828, 830, 453 A.2d 832, 833 (1982). Accordingly, we find no merit to the defendant's contention that the master erred in applying the civil burden of proof standard.
We next turn to the defendant's argument that the evidence was insufficient to support the master's finding that the defendant had committed a willful trespass under the statute. RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981) states: "Whoever shall cut . . . wilfully and unlawfully . . . any . . . timber . . . standing . . . on the land of another person . . . shall forfeit to the person injured, for every pine or other timber tree so cut . . . 5 times the value thereof; and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor."
[3-5] In order to be liable for quintuple damages under RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981), it must appear that the party's trespass to timber was done knowingly and willfully, and not through accident or mistake. Hynes v. Whitehouse, 120 N.H. 417, 420, 415 A.2d 876, 877 (1980). Although willfulness and knowledge are sometimes difficult to prove, the trier of fact may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence to support such a finding. Coutu v. State, 123 N.H. 159, 161, 459 A.2d 236, 238 (1983). Where reasonable inferences may be drawn from the evidence to support a finding of willfulness, we will not disturb the findings merely because inferences drawn by the trier of fact are debatable. Hynes v. Whitehouse, 120 N.H. at 420, 415 A.2d at 877-78; rather we will uphold them unless they are unsupported by the evidence or erroneous as a matter of law. Gauthier v. Robinson, 122 N.H. 365, 369, 444 A.2d 564, 566 (1982).
[6, 7] In the instant case, the master viewed the property in question and found that the defendant ignored physical evidence which indicated where the defendant's boundary was located. Moreover, the master found that the defendant, who had had some experience in real estate, should have ascertained the location of his boundary so as to prevent the wrongful harvesting of timber, and that there were plans and tax maps available from which he could readily have ascertained the boundary. The failure to make an inquiry to determine the ownership of land where the means of acquiring the knowledge are at hand is a sufficient basis for finding that a trespass and conversion of timber were willful. Gray v. Alabama Fuel Iron Co., 216 Ala. 416, 421, 113 So. 35, 40 (1926). Therefore, we will uphold the master's findings in the instant case on the issue of the defendant's willful trespass.
Finally, the defendant contends that the master erred in calculating damages, because both the common law and RSA 507:7-b (Supp. 1979) require that the amount of actual damages incurred as a result of the wrongful cutting be reduced by the amount the plaintiffs received in consideration of the covenant not to sue Tardy. The defendant argues that the court should have reduced the damages awarded by crediting the $1,000 against the $1,400 actual damages, and that the plaintiffs should have received an award of $2,000, based on the quintupling of the $400 actual damages.
We agree with the defendant that the $1,000 settlement should reduce the damages for which the defendant is liable; nevertheless, we do not accept his methodology for decreasing the award.
[8, 9] When a release or a covenant not to sue is entered into with one joint tortfeasor, it does not discharge any of the other tortfeasors from liability, absent any expression to the contrary. See RSA 507:7-b (Supp. 1979). However, the settlement with one tortfeasor does reduce the claim against the others to the extent of the consideration paid for the release. RSA 507:7-b (Supp. 1979); see also Burke v. Burnham, 97 N.H. 203, 210, 84 A.2d 918, 924 (1951). The settlement between the plaintiffs and Tardy indicated that they were not releasing their claims against the defendant. If Tardy had not been released from liability by the settlement agreement, he would have been jointly and severally liable for the quintuple damages of $7,000 found pursuant to RSA 539:1 (Supp. 1981). Instead, he settled for $1,000. Accordingly, the $1,000 should have been set off against the "verdict" of $7,000 in this action and, consequently, the plaintiffs are entitled to an award of $6,000. See Burke v. Burnham, 97 N.H. at 210, 84 A.2d at 924; 66 AM. JUR. 2d Release 41, at 723 (1973).
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
All concurred.