Summary
reversing grant of summary judgment to defendant where ice on the ground "may have been difficult to see" even though the plaintiff indisputably walked by it once
Summary of this case from Jones v. Wal-Mart Stores E. LPOpinion
A02A0135.
DECIDED: JUNE 13, 2002.
Slip and fall. Cobb State Court. Before Judge Carlisle.
Peter M. Blackford, Jr., for appellant.
Benton, Preston Malcom, Robert M. Malcom, for appellee.
John G. Moore appeals entry of summary judgment against him in his suit for damages arising out of injuries he sustained falling on ice while departing a Krystal restaurant operated by WVL Restaurant. He contends there are issues of fact.
The undisputed evidence shows that early Sunday morning on February 4, 1996, a sleet and ice storm hit Atlanta including the area where the restaurant was located. Ice covered the parking lot and the area surrounding the restaurant. On Monday, the sky cleared, but it was still very cold and ice was still present in some of those same areas, although some of the ice that had accumulated on Sunday had begun to melt. On that day, Moore and his wife went to the Krystal to have lunch. Moore did not have any problem driving on the roads on the way. They parked in the back of the restaurant and approached by using a handicap ramp, which was still in the shade at the time Moore entered the restaurant. Moore did not encounter any ice, salt, sand, or warning signs on his way in. Moore had been to the same Krystal at least four times and was generally familiar with the layout of the restaurant. After the couple finished lunch, they exited by the same door and walked down the same handicap ramp. In fact, Moore had walked over the same area of the ramp where he fell. On his way down the ramp, while looking straight ahead and not at the ground in front of him, Moore slipped on ice, causing him to fall and injure himself.
Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56(c). We apply a de novo standard of review to an appeal from a grant of summary judgment, and view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Matjoulis v. Integon Gen. Ins. Corp., 226 Ga. App. 459 (1) ( 486 S.E.2d 684) (1997).
In order to recover for injuries from a slip-and-fall,
an invitee must prove (1) that the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the hazard; and (2) that the plaintiff lacked knowledge of the hazard despite the exercise of ordinary care due to actions or conditions within the control of the owner/occupier. However, the plaintiff's evidentiary proof concerning the second prong is not shouldered until the defendant establishes negligence on the part of the plaintiff — i.e., that the plaintiff intentionally and unreasonably exposed self to a hazard of which the plaintiff knew or, in the exercise of ordinary care, should have known.
Robinson v. Kroger, 268 Ga. 735, 748-749(2)(b) ( 493 S.E.2d 403) (1997).
Moore contends that WVL had actual knowledge of the hazard but failed to take steps to prevent an accident. The operations manager who came on duty at 7:00 a.m. on the day of the fall realized that the whole parking lot and the sidewalks were "a sheet of ice," and so he salted the sidewalks and the walkways "on the front part of the building, which was the main access to the building." He testified that walking conditions were "very treacherous" everywhere. He chose not to salt near the back entrance because there were few guests coming that day on account of the conditions. But, the manager did not place any signs or other indication at the back door to warn visitors. The restaurant had an hourly inspection procedure that included outdoor areas but there is no indication that anyone had inspected outside of the back door that morning.
Construed in favor of Moore, these facts show, at a minimum, constructive knowledge that the area around the restaurant was covered with ice. The manager admitted that he had actual knowledge of the ice and that it was everywhere. Although there is no evidence that anyone at the restaurant saw the specific ice on which Moore fell, this blanket knowledge of the ice sheet covering the entire parking lot and other areas outside of the restaurant is sufficient to raise a jury issue as to whether the WVL had actual knowledge of this ice. Despite this knowledge, the manager chose not to take steps to safeguard the open back entrance.
Further, there is no evidence that the inspection procedures were followed that morning with regard to the area outside of the back door, which is sufficient to create an issue of fact regarding constructive knowledge. See Kauffman v. Eastern Food Gas, 246 Ga. App. 103, 105(2) ( 539 S.E.2d 599) (2000). The owner's argument that because the ice was naturally occurring, it had no duty to find and remove it is without merit under these circumstances. Id. at 105-106(3) (that ice occurred naturally does not preclude examination of whether defendant was negligent in failing to take remedial action). Columbus Doctors Hosp. v. Thompson, 224 Ga. App. 682 ( 482 S.E.2d 705) (1997), is distinguishable on the facts, because in that case the hospital's employees "saw no areas that appeared to be iced over," despite "regular inspections of the premises." Id. at 683-684.
Although Moore also had knowledge of the conditions that day, construing the evidence in favor of Moore, a jury question exists as to whether the restaurant's knowledge was superior because it knew of the hazard but chose not to take action near the back entrance. See Wallace v. Nissan of Union City, 240 Ga. App. 658, 659-660(1) ( 524 S.E.2d 542) (1999). Compare Gilliam v. Fletcher Bright Co., 244 Ga. App. 315, 316(1) ( 535 S.E.2d 325) (2000) (plaintiff observed areas of snow and ice on the parking lot). Furthermore, Moore denied seeing ice on his way into the restaurant, and, even though he passed over the spot where he fell, the ice may have been difficult to see. Therefore it cannot be said as a matter of law that he had knowledge of the specific ice upon which he fell. See Telligman v. Monumental Properties, 161 Ga. App. 13, 16(2) ( 288 S.E.2d 846) (1982) ("it is a plaintiff's knowledge of the specific hazard . . . which is determinative") (emphasis in original).
Judgment reversed. RUFFIN and BARNES, JJ., concur.
DECIDED JUNE 13, 2002.