Summary
In Moore v. State, 199 Md. 676, the judgment was affirmed where the Court found that there was abundant testimony to support a finding that the defendant was "still the owner of the car.
Summary of this case from Williams v. StateOpinion
[No. 147, October Term, 1951.]
Decided April 4, 1952.
CRIMINAL LAW — Evidence — Lottery Tickets Found in Automobile — Tickets Not Offered in Evidence, But Testified to by Police Officer — Not Error to Allow Testimony, as Tickets Were Admissible as " Implements of Crime". Where the police officer who executed a search warrant found lottery tickets in a certain automobile, the ownership of which appellant denied, and, although the tickets were not formally offered in evidence, testified at appellant's trial as to what he found in the automobile, an objection to the officer's testimony on the ground of "relevancy" was without merit, since the tickets would have been admissible as "implements of crime", and the officer's testimony was a mere summary of the primary evidence, which was available for examination although not formally offered, and although appellant contended, on appeal, that at the time the testimony was offered no connection of appellant with the particular automobile had been shown and that the State had made no offer to follow up the testimony, no objection was made on that ground at the trial, and, in any event, since the State did subsequently show a connection, there was no reversible error. pp. 678-680
CRIMINAL LAW — Conviction of Violation of Lottery Laws — Evidence Held Sufficient to Sustain. Where pursuant to a warrant the police searched a certain automobile and found lottery tickets, and appellant subsequently admitted to the police that the automobile was hers, that she knew the driver and that he worked for her, and produced the driver at the police station the next day, but at her trial testified that she had sold the automobile to the driver and denied any knowledge of its use, and on appeal from her conviction contended that the evidence that lottery slips were found in the automobile was not sufficient to show that she kept the automobile for the purpose of selling lottery tickets or that she knowingly permitted it to be used as a place for selling the tickets, and that the evidence was not sufficient to connect her with the unlawful use by the driver, this Court, sustaining the conviction, held that the tickets themselves were evidence of prior sales and that it was a permissible inference that the automobile was kept and used, by the driver at least, for the purpose of consummating such sales, and that there was abundant testimony to support the finding of the jury that appellant was still the owner of the car, and while there was no direct testimony of appellant's participation in the lottery, it was not necessary in order to support the conviction that appellant be shown to be a principal, since all that it was necessary to show was scienter, or in other words, that appellant was aware of, or permitted the unlawful use by the driver, which was a permissible inference. pp. 678-681
R.W.W.
Decided April 4, 1952.
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore City (SHERBOW, J.).
Susie Moore was tried in the Criminal Court of Baltimore City before a jury and convicted on two counts of two indictments charging violation of the lottery laws, and she appeals.
Judgments affirmed.
The cause was argued before MARBURY, C.J., and DELAPLAINE, COLLINS, HENDERSON and MARKELL, JJ.
Ellis Levin, with whom was Maurice T. Siegel on the brief, for the appellant.
Kenneth C. Proctor, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Hall Hammond, Attorney General, Anselm Sodaro, State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and J. Harold Grady, Assistant State's Attorney, on the brief, for the appellee.
Susie Moore was convicted of violation of the lottery laws by a jury in the Criminal Court of Baltimore and sentenced to not more than nine months in the Reformatory for Women and a fine of $1,000. The appeal raises two questions, whether lottery slips taken from a certain automobile under a search warrant were properly admitted in evidence, and whether the court erred in refusing to direct a verdict for the appellant under the second and third counts of the indictments upon motion made at the conclusion of the whole case.
The search warrant was duly issued on August 9, 1951 to Captain Emerson, based on observations over a prior period, directing him to search a Plymouth coupe bearing Maryland license tags numbered 74-481 titled in the name of Mary Larkins. The warrant was executed the same day. As the officers approached the car, a Negro was seen to enter it and place a brown paper bag on the seat. When the officers showed him the warrant he ran and escaped. A search of the car revealed thirty-five lottery slips for August 8, covering 356 numbers with an aggregate play of $23.53, and 512 lottery slips for August 9, covering 4,547 numbers with an aggregate play of $783.73. The registration card was found in the car, and inquiry of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles established that the automobile was titled in the name of Mary Larkins.
The officers interviewed Mary Larkins, and she told them the car was not hers but belonged to Susie Moore. The officers then went to appellant's home, 3024 Auchentoroly Terrace. Shortly after they arrived, appellant drove up in an automobile bearing Maryland license tags numbered 74-483. Appellant admitted that the Plymouth coupe, license number 74-481 belonged to her. They told her they were looking for a Negro who had been operating the car that day. She told them his name was Carlos, but that she did not know his last name. She undertook to bring him to the Northwestern Police Station the next morning. She appeared there the next morning with Carlos Cooper, who admitted he had been driving the car, and subsequently pleaded guilty. Mary Larkins pleaded not guilty and was acquitted.
In the trial of the instant case the appellant took the stand and admitted that she had known Cooper's full name at the time of Captain Emerson's inquiry, had known him for years, and knew where he lived. He had worked for her. She admitted that she told Captain Emerson it was her car that Cooper had been driving on August 9, 1951. She said she bought it in 1948 and had it titled in Mary Larkins' name because she couldn't get insurance for it; the insurance company turned her down. She had never owned a car before and had never had an accident, or any judgment against her. Mary Larkins signed the applications for license tags and twice signed applications for loans on the car, including a $500 loan in 1950, which were duly paid off by the appellant. The appellant paid for the 1951 license tags and the insurance premiums. She testified, however, that in July, 1951, she sold the car to Carlos Cooper for $600.00, because "she needed the money". Cooper paid her $50.00 down. She had no receipt for the payment; she did not change the insurance; there was no written agreement, just an understanding that Cooper would pay her $15 or $20 a month. She had not received any payments except the $50. Cooper was not produced to substantiate these statements. She did not "think about" getting another loan on the car or selling it to a dealer. She didn't know what the car was worth on the second-hand market. The automobile bearing license number 74-483 belonged to her husband. She denied any knowledge of the purpose for which Cooper had been using the car, or any familiarity with lottery operations.
The objection to the testimony of Captain Emerson as to what he found in the car is without merit. It was on the ground of "relevancy". The lottery tickets would have been admissible as "implements of crime". Edwards v. State, 194 Md. 387, 402, 71 A.2d 487, 494; Freedman v. State, 195 Md. 275, 285-287, 73 A.2d 476, 481. Captain Emerson's testimony was a mere summary of the primary evidence, which was available for examination although not formally offered. Wharton, Criminal Evidence, §§ 409, 412. The appellant now complains, however, that at the time the testimony was offered no connection of the appellant with the Plymouth coupe had been shown, and the State had made no offer to follow up the testimony. It is sufficient to observe that no objection was made on that ground. In any event, since the State did subsequently show a connection, there is no reversible error.
In dealing with the second question, the appellant contends that the evidence that lottery slips were found in the car is not legally sufficient to show that the appellant "unlawfully did keep a certain place, to wit: an automobile, for the purpose of selling lottery tickets * * *", under the second count, or "unlawfully and knowingly did permit a certain automobile * * * of which [she was] then and there the owner, then and there to be used as a place for selling lottery tickets * * *", under the third count. She contends that the evidence would only support a charge of possession, not of sale. We think, however, that the tickets themselves are evidence of prior sales, and that a permissible inference may be drawn from the testimony that the automobile was kept and used, by Cooper at least, for the purpose of consummating such sales. Cf. Meade v. State, 198 Md. 489, 493-494, 84 A.2d 892, 894; Lee v. State, 198 Md. 383, 389, 84 A.2d 63, 65.
The appellant further contends that there was no legally sufficient evidence to connect her with the unlawful use by Cooper. We think there was abundant testimony to support a finding that she was still the owner of the car. The jury was not bound to believe her improbable story of a sale, particularly in view of her pretrial admissions, the total absence of corroborating documents or testimony, and other circumstances tending to impeach her veracity. There is, of course, no direct testimony of her participation in the lottery, but it is not necessary in order to support a conviction under these counts that she be shown to be a principal; all that need be shown is scienter, or in other words, that she was aware of, or permitted the unlawful use by Cooper, in what was obviously a large and lucrative operation. We think a permissible inference may be drawn that she knew all about Cooper and his business. She knew where he lived, for she produced him as the driver of her car, even though Captain Emerson told her that he was wanted for lottery. She admitted Cooper had worked for her, and there was no suggestion that their relations were only that of gratuitous bailor and bailee. On the contrary, her defense was a lack of ownership by reason of a sale, which the jury obviously disbelieved. If her testimony as to the sale was so improbable as to justify disbelief, her testimony as to lack of knowledge of the unlawful use was equally so. As stated in the recent case of Hayette v. State, 199 Md. 140, 145, 85 A.2d 790, 792: "Ordinarily disbelieving evidence is not the same thing as finding evidence to the contrary. But on questions of scienter reason for disbelieving evidence denying scienter may also justify finding scienter. Shelton v. State, 198 Md. 405, 411-412, 84 A.2d 76, 80."
Judgments affirmed, with costs.
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