Opinion
No. 9 March Term 1974, Docket No. 54,765.
Decided August 2, 1974.
Appeal from Court of Appeals, Division 2, Bronson, P.J., and Danhof and Van Valkenburg, JJ., affirming Washtenaw, William F. Ager, Jr., J. Submitted March 13, 1974. (No. 9 March Term 1974, Docket No. 54,765.) Decided August 2, 1974.
42 Mich. App. 689 affirmed.
Complaint by Thomas Moore, for himself and as next friend of Daniel Moore, against Lederle Laboratories, a division of American Cyanamid Company, for damages resulting from the use of drugs manufactured by defendant. Verdict and judgment for defendant. Plaintiffs appealed to the Court of Appeals. Affirmed. Plaintiffs appeal. Affirmed.
Collins McCormick, for plaintiffs.
DeVine DeVine, for defendant.
Plaintiff, Daniel Moore, was born on October 1, 1959, with cystic fibrosis.
From shortly after birth until late 1964 he was treated with tetracycline manufactured by the defendant, Lederle Laboratories. The drug was administered in order to help prevent infections especially those associated with respiratory illnesses.
Due to a side effect of the drug, Daniel Moore's teeth became permanently stained blue-black. Plaintiffs filed suit against defendant on July 7, 1967 alleging that its product damaged Daniel's teeth and that defendant failed to discover the negative side effects and warn the medical profession.
Defendant's theory was that it was not liable for failure to warn of the drug's side effects, because with full knowledge of its side effects on the part of all concerned the drug was administered to save Daniel's life.
The trial was conducted in July, 1970. From a verdict of no cause for action, plaintiffs appealed to the Court of Appeals which affirmed.
The single issue raised by plaintiffs on appeal to this Court is whether certain testimony elicited on cross-examination from one of their expert witnesses was properly admitted.
Dr. Mehaffey, a dentist with a master's degree in public health, testified by way of deposition taken on July 8, 1970. He testified for plaintiffs as an expert on the tooth staining effects of tetracycline. Dr. Mehaffey agreed with defense counsel that he was not an expert on drugs.
"Q. Doctor Mehaffey, I assume you are not an expert in drugs, is that correct?
"A. That is right."
On direct examination Mehaffey testified that from his own experience tetracycline did not change the color of his teeth.
On cross-examination Mehaffey testified to the use of tetracycline by his own children and its causing a low degree of staining.
"Q. Have you yourself, as a family man, have you used the tetracycline drugs or administered them to your children?
"A. Well, my children have been prescribed tetracycline drugs. My son, who has otitis media, or did have otitis media, which is a mild ear infection, quite frequently as an infant was given tetracycline drugs. Penicillin did not seem to touch this infection. My daughter, who had bronchial pneumonia while in Japan, was given large doses for a considerable period of time of this drug. My children in their primary teeth did exhibit some of the staining. Fortunately, it was of a very low degree, not an objectionable level. And their permanent teeth now are in the area of non-objectionable level."
He then agreed with defense counsel that it was worth the tooth staining to save his child's life. It is the admission of this testimony that is in dispute:
"Q. So far as your daughter was concerned, you say the disease for which she was given a tetracycline drug was what?
"A. Bronchial pneumonia.
"Q. How sick was she with that?
"A. She could have died within 24 hours had she not been placed on it immediately.
"Q. Therefore, you realized —
"A. I realized —
"Q. — the tetracycline drug in that situation saved her life?
"A. Right.
"Q. And I am sure you have no hesitation in saying that it was worth the tooth staining to save her life, is that right?
"A. Yes, I would say so.
"Q. That would be consistent with your opinion in regard to these other cases which you studied if there were a lifesaving situation, isn't that true?
"A. Many of the cases that I have observed are cases where it was a lifesaving situation, particularly in children who had congenital heart defects in which they were placed on this to reduce their potential for blood infection, which might cause their life to be lost.
"Mr. Devine [attorney for defendant]: I don't think I have anything else."
Prior to the taking of Mehaffey's deposition it was stipulated by the attorneys for both parties that any objections would be resolved by the trial court at the time the deposition was filed.
At the trial court's hearing on objections relevant to Mehaffey's testimony, some testimony although not that which is in dispute was struck as being incompetent and hearsay because Mehaffey was not a medical doctor.
Plaintiffs also objected to the disputed testimony quoted above on the grounds that it was hearsay and incompetent because Mehaffey was not a medical doctor and not a qualified medical expert who could give an opinion on what would have happened to his daughter if she had not received tetracycline.
The trial court overruled plaintiffs' objection on the grounds that: a) the testimony was relevant to Mehaffey's testimony on direct as to his own personal experience with tetracycline; b) plaintiffs' counsel failed to object when the deposition was being taken; and c) Mehaffey was competent to testify as to his daughter's condition because he was her father.
The Court of Appeals correctly held that the trial court erred in ruling that plaintiffs' objection was not timely made. GCR 1963, 308.3(1). The defendant does not appeal from that holding.
The Court of Appeals further held that because of his medical training and background Mehaffey was competent to offer a general conclusion as to the seriousness of his daughter's illness. Moore v Lederle Laboratories, 42 Mich. App. 689, 696; 202 N.W.2d 481, 485 (1972).
The Court of Appeals held that the admission of disputed testimony was error nevertheless because it was irrelevant to plaintiffs' theory of the case. Because the parties do not contest that holding we shall not speak to it, except to say that it could be argued that Michigan now follows the traditional rule on the scope of cross-examination which permits a party to cross-examine a witness on any matter so long as it is material and relevant to any issue in the case including the theory of the defense. Comments, Cross-examination: Permissible Scope in Michigan, 36 U Det L J 162 (1958).
The Court of Appeals went on to hold that the error in admitting the disputed testimony was harmless because the effect of that testimony was dispelled by plaintiffs' testimony and scientific evidence.
The plaintiffs argue that the trial court and the Court of Appeals erred in holding that Mehaffey's testimony was competent. We agree.
If a witness is to give an opinion an untrained layman could not, the witness must first qualify himself. People v Loomis, 106 Mich. 250; 64 N.W. 18 (1895); Dunwoody v Royal Indemnity Co, 218 Mich. 358; 188 N.W. 498 (1922); Sima v Wright, 268 Mich. 352; 256 N.W. 349 (1934); Grzelka v Chevrolet Motor Car Co, 286 Mich. 141; 281 N.W. 568 (1938); Bryant v Biggs, 331 Mich. 64; 49 N.W.2d 63 (1951).
In order for a witness to give an opinion as to whether a person could have died within 24 hours of a particular disease if that person did not receive a particular drug, the witness must first be qualified as having sufficient knowledge of the effects of the disease if untreated and of the effects of the drug in arresting the disease.
"While the qualifications of an ordinary or nonexpert witness to give testimony as to the inferences he has drawn from the facts he has perceived are tested by the capacity of people generally to draw reliable conclusions from given facts, if the conclusion to be drawn is beyond such capacity and dependent on specialized knowledge, education, experience or training, the witness, if he has such special qualifications, testifies as an expert witness and not as an ordinary witness.
"For example, the untrained layman may be qualified to identify a substance from its appearance, its odor, the sense of touch, or its taste, if it is a familiar substance, but he could hardly be expected to state its specific gravity or its chemical content without showing that he had special qualifications to determine such matters. Or he may say that a person had a cold but could not without special qualifications generally diagnose disease or prescribe the treatment." 2 Jones on Evidence (6th ed), § 14:9, p 605.
In the instant case there was no foundation laid to show that Mehaffey possessed expertise in either the area of drugs or respiratory illnesses. He was qualified solely as a dentist with expertise in the area of the tooth staining side effects of tetracycline.
Although the trial court was in error in admitting the disputed testimony, we do not find that the error was so prejudicial as to constitute reversible error.
We are persuaded that Mehaffey's disputed testimony was merely cumulative and that the error, therefore, was harmless.
Dr. Burton L. Perry, an instructor in the Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases at the University of Michigan, was called by plaintiffs to testify as an expert witness. Dr. Perry was the former director of the Cystic Fibrosis Care, Research, and Teaching Center from 1963 to 1966 and had been involved in the treatment of plaintiff. Dr. Perry testified on direct examination that his own daughter who was then almost nine years old had "rather massive" amounts of tetracycline between the ages of one and three and did not have any staining.
On cross-examination Dr. Perry agreed that he would not expect most cystic fibrosis youngsters to live very long if untreated.
Dr. Perry also agreed that with reference to his own involvement as a physician with an infant who had pneumonia he would expect it to be at least a serious matter unless he gave the infant an antibiotic.
Further, Dr. Perry agreed that at the time the tetracycline was administered "tooth staining was not a severe enough indication to not use the declomycin [defendant's brand name for tetracycline]."
In addition Dr. Perry stated that it was true that in his deposition in this case he mentioned that he did not consider it important to have white teeth on a cadaver.
Finally, on redirect Dr. Perry testified that tetracycline probably prolonged Daniel Moore's life, but Dr. Perry could not say with any degree of certainty whether Daniel's life was saved.
Plaintiffs' third medical expert, Dr. Albert F. Schneider, a pathologist, testified on direct examination that because of the pathology of cystic fibrosis and because of the fact that many of the afflicted children died of pneumonia, it seemed logical to treat cystic fibrosis patients with antibiotics, such as tetracycline, for a long period of time in order to prevent the occurrence of pneumonia.
In light of the fact that other witnesses in addition to Dr. Mehaffey testified to the lifesaving qualities of tetracycline balanced against its tooth staining side effects, we cannot say the result of the trial would have been different if Mehaffey had not testified. Miskiewicz v Smolenski, 249 Mich. 63; 227 N.W. 789 (1929); Rouse v Gross, 357 Mich. 475; 98 N.W.2d 562 (1959).
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the trial court are affirmed.
Costs to the defendant.
T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and SWAINSON, WILLIAMS, LEVIN, M.S. COLEMAN, and J.W. FITZGERALD, JJ., concurred with T.G. KAVANAGH, J.