Opinion
Docket No. 45515.
Decided June 3, 1981. Leave to appeal applied for.
Kaufman, Roche Ward, P.C., and Donald E. Brown, Jonathan P. Macks, and Albert Calille, for plaintiff.
George G. Matish, Acting Corporation Counsel, and Joseph N. Baltimore and Hilda H. Hirata, Assistants Corporation Counsel, for defendant.
Before: T.M. BURNS, P.J., and R.M. MAHER and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
The defendant City of Detroit comes before this Court appealing an April 27, 1979, lower court order granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff on stipulated damages of $276,126.45. We reverse.
On September 4, 1970, and July 13, 1973, the Detroit Common Council passed two resolutions that vacated certain streets in the City of Detroit for construction of a sewage treatment facility. On the streets and alleys that were to be vacated pursuant to these resolutions, plaintiff, Michigan Bell, owned several facilities.
On May 26, 1974, plaintiff filed a complaint in the Wayne County Circuit Court and claimed that defendant had to condemn and compensate Bell for the easements that it owned on the vacated streets and alleys. The damages as stated were later stipulated by defendant. In a May 28, 1978, relocation agreement, plaintiff agreed to move its facilities but without prejudice to its suit for reimbursement from the defendant for the cost of doing so.
On April 13, 1979, the Wayne County Circuit Court ruled that plaintiff did have a vested property right in the easements that it owned on the vacated streets and alleys. It was further found that plaintiff had not only a property right in these easements for its facilities, but that it also had a contractual right which defendant could not abridge. The lower court found that defendant was obligated to pay just compensation for condemning plaintiff's easements. Damages were awarded in the amount of those previously stipulated.
The defendant city now appeals, and we reverse.
Under the Michigan telephone act, MCL 484.1 et seq.; MSA 22.1411 et seq., telephone companies are given the authority to construct telephone lines along public streets. Upon acquisition of the franchise from the state, a telephone utility's easement becomes a vested right. City of Niles v Michigan Gas Electric Co, 273 Mich. 255; 262 N.W. 900 (1935). This franchise from the state Legislature is separate from, and in addition to, any franchise granted by the local municipality in which the utility operates. Lansing v Michigan Power Co, 183 Mich. 400; 150 N.W. 250 (1914). Once the utility accepts the right to operate the franchise, it becomes a contractual right protected by the Fourteenth Amendment for the life of the utility corporation. Id.
The dispute in the present case is a simple one. Defendant contends that its police powers permit it to require plaintiff to move its facilities from one street to another for the purpose of making way for a public improvement. Plaintiff, on the other hand, contends that because its easements are vested, it may not be required to relocate its facilities without reimbursement from defendant, as would be the case in any condemnation proceeding.
Local governments have no inherent power to regulate public utilities. Detroit v Michigan Public Utilities Comm, 288 Mich. 267; 286 N.W. 368 (1939). The power to do so must be expressly granted in the state constitution, statutes, or municipal charter in order for a municipality to be able to exercise such power. Traverse City v Consumers Power Co, 340 Mich. 85; 64 N.W.2d 894 (1954), Public Utilities Comm, supra. As a general proposition, regulation of a public utility by a local government is valid and constitutional if it is authorized, reasonable, and related to public health, safety, or general welfare. Kalamazoo v Kalamazoo Circuit Judge, 200 Mich. 146; 166 N.W. 998 (1918).
Thus, even though a utility has a valid franchise from the local municipality, it may be subject to all regulation by that governmental unit which is reasonably necessary to protect public welfare. Consumers Power Co, supra, Detroit v The Fort Wayne E R Co, 90 Mich. 646; 51 N.W. 688 (1892). Further, even where the public utility is possessed of a franchise from the state, local units of government are not thereby divested of power to regulate the utility in such ways as are necessary to reasonably protect the general welfare of the community. Consumers Power Co, supra.
In Center Line v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 26 Mich. App. 659; 182 N.W.2d 769 (1970), this Court held that where a telephone utility company was forced to relocate its equipment to make way for an urban renewal project, the burden of the relocation had to be born by the taxpayers, not the utility. However, the Court narrowed its holding to the specific case of urban renewal because the Court found that in that situation the Legislature exempted utilities from the common-law principle that subordinated their rights to those of the municipality to exercise the police powers. The Court noted:
"Nothing in this opinion should be construed as an attempt to alter the common law right of the city to subordinate the utility's interest to an exercise of police power in any other setting than urban renewal." Id., 664.
Although our state Supreme Court has held that a school district was not empowered by the Legislature to require a public utility to relocate its facilities without compensation, Detroit Board of Education v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 395 Mich. 1; 232 N.W.2d 633 (1975), the Court left unanswered the question of whether relocation without compensation can be required by a governmental authority in other circumstances, such as those of the case at bar.
The authority of a municipality to exercise police powers for the common good and regulate a utility was made evident in Fort Wayne E R Co, supra, 654:
"The charter of the city of Detroit commits the regulation, supervision, and control of its streets to the common council. It empowers the council to improve the same and to determine the nature and details of such improvement. It gives to the common council the power to control, prescribe and regulate the manner in which the streets shall be used and enjoyed. These powers are held in trust for the public benefit. They cannot be surrendered or delegated to private parties. All franchises granted or contracts made with reference to the use of streets must be made, not only with due regard to their lawful and proper use by others, but subject to the exercise by the municipality of the powers referred to.
"The permission given respondent [the utility] to use this street is in subordination to the general power of the municipality over its streets. The city is not under obligation to conform its treatment of its streets to the construction of respondent's road-bed, but, on the contrary, respondent must conform the construction of its road-bed to such reasonable regulations as are made by the municipality in the reasonable exercise of its powers respecting the use, control, regulation, and improvement of its streets. Street railways occupy public streets subject to the use of such streets by the public, subject to such burdens as may be made necessary by reason of the improvement of such streets, and subject to such changes in the construction of road-beds as improved and changed conditions may demand."
At common law, and in most recent cases to consider this issue, the right of the public utility to use public streets is subject to the right of the local government to require the utility to relocate its lines and facilities at its own expense when made necessary by considerations of public health and welfare. The Pacific Telephone Telegraph Co v The Redevelopment Agency of Glendale, 87 Cal.App.3d 296; 151 Cal.Rptr. 68 (1978), State Highway Dep't v Roberts, 215 A.2d 250 (Del.Ch., 1965), Chicago v Chicago City R Co, 324 Ill. 618; 155 N.E. 781 (1927), Wichita v Kansas Gas Electric Co, 204 Kan. 546; 464 P.2d 196 (1970), Commonwealth v Louisville Water Co, 479 S.W.2d 626 (Ky, 1972), Central Maine Power Co v Waterville Urban Renewal Authority, 281 A.2d 233 (Me, 1971), Manchester Gas Co v Griffin Construction Co, 119 N.H. 179; 399 A.2d 970 (1979), Port of New York Authority v Hackensack Water Co, 41 N.J. 90; 195 A.2d 1 (1963), Southern Union Gas Co v Artesia, 81 N.M. 654; 472 P.2d 368 (1970), New York Telephone Co v Binghamton, 18 N.Y.2d 152; 219 N.E.2d 184 (1966), Southern Bell Telephone Telegraph Co v The Housing Authority of Raleigh, 38 N.C. App. 172; 247 S.E.2d 663 (1978), Urban Renewal Agency of Eugene v Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Co, 23 Or. App. 384; 542 P.2d 908 (1975), State v Public Utilities Dist, 55 Wn.2d 645; 349 P.2d 426 (1960), City of Edmonds v General Telephone Co of the Northwest, Inc, 21 Wn. App. 218; 584 P.2d 458 (1978).
The construction of a sewer facility clearly is a governmental function. Beauchamp v Saginaw Twp, 74 Mich. App. 44; 253 N.W.2d 355 (1977). Therefore, the case before us is unlike the situation in Center Line, supra, where the public utility was required to relocate equipment to make way for an urban renewal project which amounted to condemnation for a proprietary function rather than a governmental function. On the facts before us, then, we hold that the common-law rule requiring a utility to remove its facilities at its own expense where necessary to protect the public health or general welfare is applicable. As a consequence, the lower court erred in holding that defendant was obligated to reimburse plaintiff for the relocation expenses.
Reversed.