Summary
In Manufacturers, the Supreme Court had held: "Arising out of `means causally connected with, not proximately caused by.' `But for' causation, i.e., a cause and result relationship is enough to satisfy this [requirement]."
Summary of this case from U.S. Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.Opinion
November 17, 1960.
May 22, 1961.
Contracts — Insurance — Liability insurance — Terms — Construction — Words and Phrases — Accident arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a vehicle.
1. Where an automobile liability insurance policy insured against legal liability for damages "caused by accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use" of specified vehicles, it was Held that the words "arising out of" mean causally connected with, not proximately caused by; and that a causa sine qua non cause is enough to satisfy this provision of the policy. [604-10]
2. When the provisions of an insurance policy are vague or ambiguous they must be construed strictly against the insurer and liberally in favor of the insured. [607]
3. Where it appeared that the defendant company issued its automobile liability insurance policy to named insureds and insured them and any person using the vehicle "with the permission" of the named insured; that the named insured did give permission to an individual to use the vehicle and claims for damages arising out of the use of the vehicle were made against a corporation, it was Held that the corporation was not an "insured" within the meaning of the policy. [608-9]
4. Where it appeared that at the trial of an action of trespass for personal injuries against a corporate defendant the court substituted as sole defendant an individual to whom the named insured had granted permission to use the insured vehicle, without any notice to the insurer, and that the statute of limitations had run in favor of this individual with respect to the claim, it was Held, in the circumstances, that the insurer was not liable for any part of the judgment entered against such substituted individual defendant. [609]
Practice — Declaratory judgments — Assumption of jurisdiction — Disposition of controversy.
5. Where a court properly takes jurisdiction of a petition for a declaratory judgment and the defendant is entitled to judgment, it is error for the court to dismiss the petition. [609]
Before JONES, C.J., BELL, MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, BOK and EAGEN, JJ.
Appeal, No. 325, Jan. T., 1960, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County, Dec. T., 1957, No. 4, in case of Manufacturers Casualty Insurance Company v. Goodville Mutual Casualty Company et al. Record remanded, with order to enter judgment for defendant.
Proceedings for declaratory judgment. Before JOHNSTONE, JR., J.
Plaintiff's petition dismissed and order entered. Plaintiff appealed.
Henry T. Reath, with him W. Hensel Brown, and Duane, Morris Heckscher, for appellant.
Ralph M. Barley, with him John C. Pittenger, and Barley, Snyder, Cooper Mueller, for appellees.
This declaratory judgment proceeding was instituted by the plaintiff, Manufacturers Casualty Insurance Company, in an effort to impose liability upon Goodville Mutual Casualty Company, under an insurance policy issued by the latter company, for contribution to an $8,000 settlement and a $25,000 judgment for the respective plaintiffs in two personal injury actions, growing out of the same accident, for which Manufacturers was concededly liable under its policy of insurance covering the impleaded defendant company in the two tort actions. Manufacturers also asks reimbursement from Goodville for one-half of the counsel fees and legal expenses incurred in the defense of the trespass cases. The court below decided in favor of Goodville on the ground of non-liability under the terms of its policy and entered an order dismissing the plaintiff's petition for a declaratory judgment. From that order, Manufacturers has appealed.
The material facts are not in dispute.
Goodville Mutual Casualty Company issued its automobile liability insurance policy to one Roy M. Wertz and his wife covering an automobile and a horse trailer owned by them. Under this policy, Goodville contracted "to pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay" for damages "caused by accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use" of the automobile or trailer. (Emphasis supplied) "The insured", as identified by the policy, were Roy M. Wertz and his wife and any person or organization using the automobile or trailer "with the permission of either" of them.
Roy M. Wertz gave such permission to M. A. Stoltzfus, individually, for his use of the trailer for the transportation of a horse. Stoltzfus hired one Wingenroth to do the actual transporting by means of a pick-up truck, as the motive power, to the rear end of which the horse trailer was attached. The pick-up truck was owned by D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., from which concern M. A. Stoltzfus, the individual, had rented it for the operation.
While the pick-up truck with the horse trailer attached was being driven by Wingenroth in an easterly direction on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, Wingenroth lost control thereof and the truck and trailer crossed the medial strip and the two westbound lanes, and came to rest against the guard rail on the north side of the highway with the trailer extending across most of the right westbound lane of the turnpike. While the truck and trailer were in that position, an automobile traveling in the right westbound lane of the turnpike crashed into the trailer. William J. O'Malley was the owner and driver of the colliding automobile in which Charles O'Malley and Richard A. Bissell were passengers. Charles O'Malley and Bissell sustained personal injuries and William J. O'Malley suffered property damage to his car. The O'Malleys and Bissell separately sued D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., in trespass for recovery of their respective damages. Manufacturers Casualty Insurance Company's policy insuring D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., against such liability also covered M. A. Stoltzfus the individual. Manufacturers assumed the defense of D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., in the two trespass actions and, having given Goodville notice of the pendency of the suits, requested that company to participate in the defense of the Stoltzfus corporation which Goodville declined to do.
In the O'Malleys' suit, they also joined Wingenroth, the driver of the pick-up truck, as a defendant. He was never served, however, and did not figure in the subsequent proceedings.
Goodville contended in the court below, and now here, that this accident was not one "arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of" the horse trailer. With that contention the court below agreed, holding that "arising out of" must be construed to mean "proximately caused by." However, we do not so interpret the words "arising out of."
In Suburban Service Bus Co. v. National Mut. Casualty Co., 183 S.W.2d 376, 378 (St. Louis Ct. of Appeals, Mo., 1944), it was said, "The words 'arising out of the use of the bus' are very broad, general, and comprehensive terms. The insurer made no attempt to limit the plain, usual, and ordinary meaning of the term 'use.' We find nothing in the policy requiring that the use of the bus shall be the direct and proximate cause of the injury. The words 'arising out of the use of the bus' are much broader than words such as 'directly and proximately caused by the use of the bus.' "
In American Fire Casualty Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 214 F.2d 523 (4th Cir., 1954), the owner of a Chrysler automobile, while towing his jeep, was involved in an accident with another automobile. Suit was instituted against him by two occupants of the latter vehicle. The Chrysler and the jeep were insured by different companies. Both insurers participated in his defense, but the insurer of the jeep reserved a right to disclaim liability. After settlement of the suits and payment thereof by the insurer of the Chrysler, the insurer of the jeep disclaimed liability. The language of the policy which covered the jeep was identical with the language of the Goodville policy in the present case. The insurer of the Chrysler sued the insurer of the jeep for contribution. The court affirmed a judgment for the plaintiff, rejecting an argument that the Chrysler was solely responsible for the accident and holding that the accident was one "arising out of the . . . use" of the jeep.
When the provisions of an insurance policy are vague or ambiguous, they must be construed strictly against the insurer and liberally in favor of the insured. Had the insurer desired to limit its liability to accidents with such a close causal connection to the ownership, maintenance or use of the trailer as to be encompassed within the scope of proximate causation, it could have and should have so stated in its policy. Construed strictly against the insurer, "arising out of" means causally connected with, not proximately caused by. "But for" causation, i.e., a cause and result relationship, is enough to satisfy this provision of the policy. Unquestionably the trailer was in "use" at the time of the accident, since it was being used for the very purpose of its existence, viz., to transport a horse. But for the fact of its being so used on this occasion, O'Malley's automobile would not have collided with it.
Even so, Goodville was fully justified in refusing to participate in the defense of the actions instituted against the Stoltzfus corporation. No permission to use the horse trailer had been given by the Wertzes to D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc. Hence, that entity was in no sense and at no time an "insured" under Goodville's policy.
The O'Malleys' suit against D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., was settled by Manufacturers for $8,000 without any reference whatsoever to M. A. Stoltzfus, the individual.
When Bissell's case was called for trial, counsel for Manufacturers informed the court that a settlement of $25,000 had been agreed upon with counsel for Bissell. At Manufacturers' request, which the court granted, M. A. Stoltzfus individually was then substituted on the record for D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., as the sole party defendant. This was done without notice to Goodville. After the substitution had been effected, the jury, pursuant to the trial judge's instructions, forthwith returned a verdict in favor of Bissell and against M. A. Stoltzfus individually for the sum agreed upon in settlement. Thus, a judgment of $25,000 was entered against M. A. Stoltzfus, although he had not only never been sued but the statute of limitations had actually run in his favor with respect to the claim some seven months before he was substituted for D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., as the party defendant.
The reason for Manufacturers' maneuver to obtain the substitution of M. A. Stoltzfus individually as the party defendant is not hard to fathom. M. A. Stoltzfus, at the time of the accident, was covered not only by the insurance policy of Manufacturers issued to the Stoltzfus corporation but also by Goodville's policy to the Wertzes. Consequently, if Goodville could be subjected to liability because of its additional coverage of M. A. Stoltzfus, Manufacturers would have to pay only a pro rata share of any judgment entered against M. A. Stoltzfus. On the other hand, since D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., was covered only by Manufacturers' policy, that insurer would be obligated to pay, up to the limits of its policy, the entire amount of any judgment rendered against the Stoltzfus corporation.
Since D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., was not an insured under the Goodville policy and since M. A. Stoltzfus was belatedly substituted, without notice to Goodville, as the party defendant in the Bissell suit, Goodville cannot properly be held liable for any part of the judgment entered against M. A. Stoltzfus. The Goodville insurance policy to the Wertzes required, as a condition precedent to liability thereunder, that it be notified of any lawsuit instituted against "the insured", and Goodville was never notified of any lawsuit against M. A. Stoltzfus individually. The only lawsuits of which Goodville had been given notice were the suits against D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc., which was not insured at any time under the policy which Goodville issued to the Wertzes.
Nor is Goodville liable for any part of the settlement entered into by Manufacturers with the O'Malleys on behalf of D. M. Stoltzfus Son, Inc. In fact, substitution of M. A. Stoltzfus for the Stoltzfus corporation as a party defendant in the O'Malleys' case was never even attempted.
The court below having properly taken jurisdiction of the petition for declaratory judgment should have entered judgment for the defendant, Goodville Mutual Casualty Company, instead of dismissing the petition.
Accordingly, the record is remanded for reinstatement of the petition for declaratory judgment and for entry of judgment for the defendant, Goodville Mutual Casualty Company.