Opinion
Decided September 18, 1933.
Negligence — Master liable only for servant's acts in course of employment — Prosecution of master's business — Deviation from course of employment — Insufficient evidence that truck driver securing drink in course of employment.
1. To render master liable for servant's negligence, servant must, at time of injury, be acting in course of employment.
2. Test of master's liability for negligence of servant is whether negligence act was done while servant was engaged in service of, and while acting for master, in prosecution of master's business.
3. Generally, question whether master is liable for negligent act of servant, committed after servant deviated from course of employment, depends upon degree of deviation and attendant circumstances.
4. In action for personal injuries and property damage sustained when plaintiff's horsedrawn wagon was struck by driverless concrete truck, evidence held insufficient for jury on question whether truck driver was acting within course of employment when going out of way for drink.
ERROR: Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga county.
Messrs. Dustin, McKeehan, Merrick, Arter Stewart, and Mr. McAlister Marshall, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Frank Leonetti, for defendant in error.
Michael Angelo Vitale, while standing in his horse-drawn wagon at Arthur avenue and East 108th street, in the city of Cleveland, was struck by a driverless truck belonging to the Metropolitan Concrete Company, the plaintiff in error, which truck caused injury to Vitale and damage to his horse and wagon. This truck had been parked at the curb by one Wenger, a driver for the concrete company, and apparently had been left with the motor running while Wenger temporarily left it and went into a building at that point. In the court of common pleas a verdict and judgment were rendered for plaintiff.
Error has been prosecuted to this court, and two questions only are presented for consideration:
First. Was Wenger at the time of the accident in the course of his employment?
Second. Did the court below err in refusing to direct a verdict in favor of the company at the close of all of the evidence?
An answer to these questions requires a brief recital of the salient facts.
The Metropolitan Concrete Company had its plant at Lakeside avenue and East Fortieth street, and was engaged in the furnishing of concrete for building purposes. On the day in question, Wenger had made other trips with concrete to the Lakeside Hospital building, which was then being erected south of Euclid avenue, opposite Wade Park.
The evidence discloses that in returning from the hospital Wenger had traveled different ways at different times, but that the best route was south on Adelbert road to Murray Hill; from Murray Hill to Cedar avenue; then west on Cedar avenue to East Fortieth street, and from there north to Lakeside.
On September 12, 1930, while returning from Lakeside Hospital at about 2:30 in the afternoon, Wenger turned south on Cedar avenue, instead of proceeding west or north, and went a few blocks to a building at East 108th street and Arthur avenue, for the purpose of getting a drink, and was in fact in the building for that purpose when the truck started, which caused the damage and injury.
Wenger was called as a witness by the defendant company and, among other things, testified as follows:
"Q. Now, I want you to tell us what you were doing in there? A. Well, some one told me that I could get a little Kentucky ale there, I guess you call it; and I wasn't feeling very good so I went there to see.
"Q. At least, you weren't making any delivery there for your Company, were you? A. No, sir.
"Q. Were you doing anything for your Company when you left the truck out in the street? A. No, sir."
Upon redirect examination Wenger testified:
"Q. Was there anything, Mr. Wenger, in the pursuance of your employer's business that took you over to 108th and Arthur Avenue? I mean did it have anything to do with your delivery of concrete to Lakeside Hospital? A. No; it did not have anything to do with that.
"Q. And when you made your deliveries to Lakeside Hospital you were supposed to go back to the plant at 40th and Lakeside? A. Yes, sir."
It is claimed by the plaintiff in error that Wenger deviated from his usual route for the purpose of getting a drink, and that this departure had nothing to do with the business of the company, and that therefore Wenger was not in the course of his employment at the time of the injury to Vitale. Counsel for Vitale concedes that there was a slight departure, but claims that it was a slight and immaterial deviation, and that Wenger went for the drink in order to alleviate and help his physical condition.
Counsel for both parties have submitted able and exhaustive briefs, in which are cited many decisions of the courts of Ohio and other jurisdictions. From a perusal of these cases it may be said that the courts are in harmony as to the general principle involved, namely, that in order to hold the master liable the servant must at the time of the injury be in the course of his employment. The difficulty lies in the application of the rule to a particular set of facts.
In the case of Lima Ry. Co. v. Little (1902), 67 Ohio St. 91, it is said by Crew, J., at page 100, 65 N.E. 861: "The test of a master's liability is not whether a given act was done during the existence of the servant's employment, but whether such act was done by the servant while engaged in the service of, and while acting for the master in the prosecution of the master's business, and such is the rule whether the act complained of be wanton and willful or whether it be merely negligent on the part of the servant or employe. In whatever else they may differ, the authorities agree upon the principle that an employer is not liable for the acts of an employe, unless committed while engaged in the service or duties of his employment. * * * A master has the right to select and choose his agents and to determine himself, and assign to the servants so selected, their respective duties, and no assumption by an employe of duties not assigned to him will bring those duties within the course or scope of his employment as defined by the master, and when an act is not within the scope of a servant's employment it cannot be within either the express or implied authorization of the master."
Again, in the case of Lytle, Admr., v. Union Gas Electric Co. (1926), 24 Ohio App. 314, it is said by Buchwalter, P.J., at page 316, 157 N.E. 804: "At the time of the accident or the negligence complained of, the servant, to bind the master for his acts, must be engaged on business for the master, within the scope of his authority. He is at that time either serving the master, or on business of his own."
It is said in Babbit on Motor Vehicle Law (4th Ed.), Section 1280, at page 878: "In cases where the deviation is slight and not unusual, the court may, and often will, as a matter of law, determine that the servant was still executing his master's business. In like manner, where the deviation is very marked and unusual, the court may determine that the servant was not on the master's business at all, but on his own. Cases falling between these extremes will be regarded as involving merely a question of fact, to be left to the jury or other trier of such questions. So, the question must usually depend upon the degree of deviation and all the attendant circumstances. The deviation may be from the route, or from the business of the employer, or from both. The defense of departure is not available where the servant's use of the automobile is consented to by the master; or where, before the accident, the servant had returned from the deviation, and was again acting within the scope of his employer's business."
In the case at bar counsel for Vitale urged that the deviation or departure by Wenger was slight, and for the purpose of helping his physical condition.
As to the deviation and his physical condition, the following testimony was given by Wenger:
"Q. From Cedar Avenue to the scene of the accident, how long would it take you to drive it, half a minute? A. About a minute or two.
"Q. A minute at the most? A. Well, no. With this truck it would take a minute and a half to two minutes.
"Q. A minute and a half to two minutes. You say you weren't feeling well that afternoon? A. No, I wasn't, sir.
"Q. What was the trouble, stomachache? A. Stomachache or headache.
"Q. And you went over to this friend's house to get something to relieve your stomachache or headache, is that right? A. I went over after it; yes, sir."
There is nothing in the record to indicate that Wenger was unable to drive his truck directly back to the plant, or that he was suffering any specific illness, or that the so-called Kentucky ale would benefit his condition, or that he thought or believed that Kentucky ale would actually benefit him. On the contrary, the record discloses that he did not know whether he had a head ache or stomach ache. There is nothing in the record to show that the departure for this purpose had anything to do with the business of the company. On the contrary, Wenger positively testified that the departure did not have anything to do with the employer's business or with the delivery of concrete, and, further, that he was supposed to go back to the plant when he had made his deliveries at Lakeside Hospital.
In McCarthy v. Timmins, 178 Mass. 378, 59 N.E. 1038, 86 Am. St. Rep., 490 (1901), one Scott, the driver of defendant's carriage, was directed to take it to the barn. Instead of taking the most direct route to the stable, Scott turned the horse around and drove in an opposite direction to a saloon where he purchased a drink, some whisky. The evidence tended to show that he was in the saloon about three minutes, but that while he was there the horse ran away and came into collision with the plaintiff's team, and the plaintiff was injured. The trial court directed a verdict at the close of plaintiff's evidence, and at page 381 it is said by Hammond, J.: "The only trouble is in the application of the rule, and it is not easy to reconcile the cases. Scott had been employed to drive the team in the carriage of passengers, and that work was ended for the day. He was then directed to go to the stables, and there can be no doubt that so long as he drove the team with that end in view, and for that purpose and for no purpose of his own, he was engaged in his master's business, even if he made a detour contrary to the direction of his master. We are not disposed to lay much stress on the fact that he went down Boylston Street rather than Commonwealth Avenue, but when he reached Massachusetts Avenue it is plain that his only purpose in turning southward instead of northward, and going seven hundred and fifty-eight feet to Dundee Street, was not only to deviate from the regular way of reaching the stable but was for a purpose of his own, namely, to get a drink. He was upon no errand of his master, and this journey was not for the purpose of getting to the stables even by a circuitous route, or, to use the language of Hoar, J., in Howe v. Newmarch, 12 Allen, 49, 57, he was doing an act wholly for a purpose of his own, disregarding the object for which he was employed and not intending by his act to execute it, and not within the scope of his employment. In such case the defendant should not be held answerable."
In the recent case of Hites v. Tri-State Baking Company, Inc., decided by the Court of Appeals of the Ninth District of Ohio, and cited in Ohio Bar Association Report of June 5, 1933, at page 125, one Hites received injuries when the wagon on which he was riding was struck by a truck of the baking company driven by an employee by the name of Weirich. Weirich had kept the truck overnight at his home in Cuyahoga Falls, and the next morning in returning to the company's office missed one of his overshoes and turned around to retrace his path. While doing so, and looking for the lost overshoe, the accident occurred. In the court of common pleas a verdict and judgment was rendered for plaintiff. The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment and entered final judgment for the baking company, and held that the act of turning back, directly away from the company's plant, in search of an overshoe, which was the exclusive property of Weirich, was a departure from the company's business, and, inasmuch as the facts concerning the departure were conceded, final judgment was entered for the company.
In the instant case Wenger was discharged by the company immediately when the facts became known. It cannot be said that the master would reasonably anticipate and expressly or impliedly authorize any such act on the part of Wenger, an act which had nothing to do with the business of the company and could not inure to its benefit.
It is unfortunate that Vitale was injured. His remedy, however, is against Wenger, whose negligence caused the damage, and, in fact, the record discloses a suit pending against Wenger. Certainly the company is not liable when Wenger deviated from his work on an excursion of his own — one entirely foreign to the business of the company.
In view of the conceded facts in this case, and the testimony of Wenger himself, it is clear to a majority of this court that Wenger at the time of the accident was not in the course of his employment, and that the facts and circumstances are such that reasonable minds cannot well differ. Accordingly a majority of this court are of the opinion that the court below erred in refusing to direct a verdict in favor of the company at the close of all the evidence, and a final judgment will be entered in favor of the plaintiff in error.
Judgment for plaintiff in error.
LIEGHLEY, P.J., concurs.
LEVINE, J., dissents.