Summary
In Metropolitan a determination of medical necessity was at issue in each case and, thus, individual issues necessarily predominated over common issues.
Summary of this case from Sharkus v. Blue Cross of Greater PhilaOpinion
Argued June 3, 1975
August 26, 1975.
Equity — Class action — Jurisdiction of equity court — Constitutional question — Inadequacy of statutory remedy — Preliminary objections — Pa. R.C.P. No. 2230 — Fed.R. Civ. P. 23 — Effect of federal decisions — Requirements for class action — Number of class members — Adequacy of representation — Hospitals — Claims against the Department of Public Welfare.
1. To invoke the jurisdiction of an equity court in actions involving taxing authorities, a plaintiff must establish the existence of a substantial question of the constitutionality of the taxing statute or procedure as well as the inadequacy of the statutory or legal remedy, but in other administrative cases only the inadequacy of the statutory or legal remedy need be shown to invoke the jurisdiction of an equity court. [120-1]
2. In ruling upon preliminary objections, the court must accept as true all well and clearly pleaded facts. [122]
3. In an equity case the inadequacy of the legal remedy is sufficiently pleaded through averments that hearings have not been granted when the statutory remedy provided has been pursued in the past and that insufficient guidelines and rules exist for the utilization of such a remedy. [122]
4. Class actions are permitted under Pa. R.C.P. No. 2230 where the class is so numerous as to make joinder impracticable and one or more members of such class can adequately represent the interest of all. [122-3]
5. Pa. R.C.P. No. 2230, governing class actions, is not identical to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 and cases decided under the Federal rule may be persuasive but are not binding on the court considering the Pennsylvania rule. [124-5]
6. Pa. R.C.P. No. 2230, governing class actions, does not require that there exist common questions of law and fact between class members. [125-6]
7. A group of two hundred sixty hospitals, which have contracts with the Department of Public Welfare, making claims for funds disallowed by the Department, is sufficiently numerous to justify the allowance of a class action under Pa. R.C.P. No. 2230. [126-7]
8. Where the claim of each hospital contracting with the Department of Public Welfare will depend on whether each claim of each hospital met federal and state requirements of medical necessity requiring a determination of individual questions and issues in each claim, one such hospital cannot adequately represent the interest of all and cannot prosecute a class action on behalf of all. [127-8]
Judge KRAMER filed a dissenting opinion which was substantially as follows:
1. One of many hospitals contracting with the Department of Public Welfare for payment of medical expenses of public assistance recipients can adequately represent all such hospitals in a class action which challenges Department rulings and procedures and seeks restoration of disallowed payments. [128]
Argued June 3, 1975, before President Judge BOWMAN and Judges CRUMLISH, JR., KRAMER, WILKINSON, JR., MENCER, ROGERS and BLATT.
Original jurisdiction, No. 1020 C.D. 1974, in case of Metropolitan Hospital on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated v. Department of Public Welfare, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and Don Jose Stovall, Director of Public Welfare, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Complaint in equity in the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania challenging the operation of Utilization Review Committee and seeking restoration of disallowed payments. Defendants filed preliminary objections. Held: Preliminary objections sustained. Complaint dismissed.
Pace Reich, with him Judith Eichen, and Modell, Pincus, Hahn Reich, for plaintiffs.
Norman J. Watkins, Deputy Attorney General, with him Lawrence Silver, Deputy Attorney General, and Robert P. Kane, Attorney General, for defendants.
Metropolitan Hospital, on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated (Plaintiff) instituted a three count complaint in equity challenging the establishment and operation of the Utilization Review Committee (Committee) of the Department of Public Welfare (Defendant). This Committee, required by federal law, has as its purpose the monitoring of Medicare and Medicaid disbursements to providers of inpatient hospital care and attempts to insure that only reasonable costs of medically necessary medical procedures are subsidized with state and federal funds.
See 42 U.S.C. § 1396A(a) 30:
"(a) A State plan for medical assistance must
"(30) provide such methods and procedures relating to the utilization of, and the payment for, care and services available under the plan (including but not limited to utilization review plans as provided for in section 1396b(i)(4) of this title) as may be necessary to safeguard against unnecessary utilization of such care and services and to assure that payments (including payments for any drugs provided under the plan) are not in excess of reasonable charges consistent with efficiency, economy, and quality of care; . . . ."
In order to clarify this general language, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare promulgated regulations found in 45 C.F.R. 250.20.
Plaintiff alleges that: 1) the establishment of the Committee and its operation violates its existing contract with Defendant; 2) failure to promulgate rules, regulations and standards by Defendant makes Plaintiff's compliance impossible, and thus, deprives Plaintiff of property without due process of law; and 3) failure to provide Plaintiff further review for a period in excess of one year is violative of the parties' contract and the Constitutions of both the United States and of this Commonwealth. Plaintiff now prays that this Court compel Defendant to retroactively restore all disallowed payments.
In reality, we are here dealing with an amendment complaint and preliminary objection reinstated in response thereto.
Defendants have lodged preliminary objections to the complaint in equity. They are:
1. This Court lacks equity jurisdiction over the cause in that Plaintiffs have not exhausted adequate and available statutorily imposed administrative remedies.
2. The cause of action is not properly maintainable as a class action.
We must decide the validity of these objections.
Initially, we will examine the exhaustion of statutory remedies objection. Key to this inquiry is Section 9421.54 of the Department of Public Welfare Medical Assistance Manual which provides:
"The Department's decision to deny payment or to seek reimbursement of payment for services from the hospital or to bar the hospital from participation may be appealed upon request of the hospital administrator to the Department. (Administrative Agency Law 1945, June 4, P.L. 1388.)
"The request for the appeal must be initiated within 30 days from the date of the Department's disapproval letter; it is sent to the Director of the Division of Utilization Review, Bureau of Medical Assistance, P.O. Box 2675, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120.
"In such an event, an informal pre-hearing conference is first held with the Department's Office of Legal Counsel. If the hospital and Department do not agree at this preliminary conference, a hearing examiner is then appointed by the Department and a formal, administrative hearing is scheduled.
"Pending decision on the appeal, MA payments to the hospital for such cases will be withheld; further adjustments on a case that has been paid and adjusted previously will not be made until such time as the case is adjudicated."
We understand this administrative procedure to mean that the fiscal intermediary submits every claim for payment to the Committee, whereupon the hospital is given a notice of each disallowed claim. If the hospital submits a timely request for appeal, a prehearing conference is convened. Following this conference, if no agreement has been reached concerning payment of the disallowed claim, a formal departmental hearing is held and an adjudication entered from which appeal may be taken to our Court within thirty days.
Defendant, as proponent of the objection, asserts that the instant case is much the same as Lillian v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 11 Pa. Commw. 90, 311 A.2d 368 (1973), wherein we followed our Supreme Court's decision in Rochester Pittsburgh Coal Co. v. Indiana Board of Assessment Revision of Taxes, 438 Pa. 506, 266 A.2d 78 (1970). In Lillian, we enunciated the standard to be applied prior to proceeding in equity for actions involving taxing authorities. " 'In a positive sense, what is required to confer jurisdiction on an equity court is the existence of a substantial question of constitutionality (and not a mere allegation) and the absence of an adequate statutory remedy.' " (Emphasis in original.) Lillian, supra, at 92, 311 A.2d at 369.
It is readily apparent that the standard to gain entrance into equity in a taxing matter is a much stricter one than would be applied in other areas. A review of the case law cited in, and leading to Rochester, clearly shows that this more difficult standard, where a substantial constitutional claim must be present, is the result of the historical uniqueness of the tax area of the law. Precise legal procedures have always been established where a taxing statute was in effect and the administrative bodies administering these statutes developed vast expertise with respect to these procedures. Therefore, the need for equity was, indeed, a limited one, and thus the enunciation of a rule making access to it difficult.
Our research informs us that this strict standard is not applied in all administrative cases where equity is called upon. To the contrary, tax cases are the sole area in which the litigant must show both a substantial constitutional question and an inadequate remedy at law. The question before us, therefore, is solely one of the adequacy of the statutory remedy.
Plaintiff contends in its brief that during the two and one-half years preceding this action, it has filed more than 800 appeals pursuant to Section 9421.54 and that during this time only one informal hearing was scheduled at which 13 to 15 appeals were reviewed. It is advanced that such a delay effectively emasculates any semblance of effectiveness which this statutory remedy would seem to provide.
Such a contention in proper context may well be a valid one, for clearly, the remedy and its exercise have not been pressed diligently by Defendant. But, are we presently in a position to accept Plaintiff's argument? For purposes of preliminary objections, we must treat as true all well and clearly pleaded facts. Commonwealth ex rel. Powell v. Aytch, 10 Pa. Commw. 218, 309 A.2d 734 (1973). Reviewing Plaintiff's complaint, we find neither an averment that there is no adequate remedy at law, nor a specific averment relating to the 800 appeals pressed by Plaintiff. However, averments numbers eleven and sixteen, although not expressing the lack of hearings in exact numbers, do complain that hearings on these claims were denied. The complaint also avers that the lack of specific guidelines and rules makes compliance with the program impossible. This, too, goes to the inadequacy of the statutory remedy. A total review of the complaint leads us to conclude, notwithstanding Defendant's protestations, that Plaintiff has properly pleaded a cause in equity, and accepting as true its averments, has shown the ineffectiveness of the provided statutory remedy. As such, we find no merit to the contention that Plaintiff cannot proceed in equity before exhausting its legal remedies, for it is axiomatic that a party litigant need not pursue to exhaustion ineffective legal remedies.
"11. That based on the decision of the aforementioned Utilization Review Committee, defendants retroactively disallowed claims for payment submitted by plaintiff under the Public Welfare Code that were previously allowed and paid and long after the patient had been discharged from the hospital."
See paragraph sixteen infra in this opinion.
Defendant next asserts that this action is not properly maintained as a class action. Paragraphs five and sixteen of Plaintiff's amended complaint state:
"5. Plaintiff brings this action on behalf of themselves and the Class consisting of all other hospitals in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who entered into the aforementioned standard contract, . . . with the DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE to provide inpatient hospital care for eligible persons in accordance with the Public Welfare Code, Act 21 of June 13, 1967, P.L. 31, Article IV from the period January, 1971 to the present.
"16. Plaintiff brings this action on behalf of themselves and the Class consisting of all other hospitals in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who entered into the aforementioned standard contract, . . . with the DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE to provide in-patient hospital care for eligible persons in accordance with the Public Welfare Code, Act 21 of June 13, 1967, P.L. 31, Article IV from the period January, 1971 to the present, and who, after having received notice of denial of claims by the DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE requested administrative review of such denial and a hearing in connection therewith, which hearings have never been held."
Plaintiff further avers that 1) the potential class contains approximately 260 members; 2) potential class members have entered into the same contract (In Patient Hospital Care Agreement); 3) Defendant has applied the same review procedure to each class member; 4) Defendant has used the same notices of claim denial for each class member; and 5) Defendant has unreasonably delayed each class member in review of claim disallowances.
Pa. R.C.P. 2230(a) states:
"If persons constituing a class are so numerous as to make it impracticable to join all as parties, any one or more of them who will adequately represent the interest of all may sue or be sued on behalf of all, but the judgment entered in such action shall not impose personal liability upon anyone not a party thereto." (Emphasis added.)
There is a great deal of case law interpreting Fed.R. Civ. P. 23 (the federal rule providing for maintenance of class actions), but Pennsylvania courts have had little opportunity to give meaning to Rule 2230(a). The most recent expression of the law of class actions in Pennsylvania surfaced in our Supreme Court's decision in McMonagle v. Allstate Insurance Company, ___ Pa. ___, 331 A.2d 467 (1975), where the following principles were enunciated:
Delle Donne Van Horn, Pennsylvania Class Actions: the Future in Light of Recent Restrictions on Federal Access?, 78 Dick. L. Rev. 460, 466-96 (1974). This article exhaustively reviews both federal and Pennsylvania class action law.
For a complete review of the relatively few Pennsylvania decisions in the area, see McMonagle, supra, at . . ., 331 A.2d at 468-69 n. 2.
1 — Rule 2230 does not encompass the notion of the so-called true, hybrid and spurious class actions found in the original Federal Rule 23.
2 — Pennsylvania courts are not bound by cases decided under the federal rule, although such cases may be followed if persuasive.
3 — The class representative must be a member of the class he or she seeks to represent.
But, there are other appellate decisions casting light on the proper guidelines in determining the propriety of the class. In Buchanan v. Brentwood Federal Savings and Loan, ___ Pa. ___, 320 A.2d 117 (1974), the Supreme Court, in remanding to the lower court, suggested these criteria as to similarity of class members:
4. The class members must be so numerous as to make it impracticable to join all as parties.
5. The representative must adequately represent the interest of all class members.
To date, these are the only general substantive constraints laid upon Rule 2230 by our Supreme Court. Perhaps Judge SPAETH's dissenting language in McMonagle, when that case was before the Superior Court, which language was adopted by the Supreme Court, explains the lack of precise standards for the rule. "We are not bound by [the criteria that have in the past been applied by the federal courts]. Our rule is more general and thus less restrictive than the Federal rule . . . The experience with class actions in the Federal courts has been difficult. Hopefully, we may benefit from it, and do better." (Emphasis added.) McMonagle, supra, at ___, 331 A.2d at 471.
Other decisions have enunciated similar principles and various procedural and pleading prerequisites have been formulated. See e.g., Korona v. Township of Bensalem, 5 Bucks Co. L. Rep. 142 (Pa. C.P. 1955), rev'd on other grounds, 385 Pa. 283, 122 A.2d 688 (1956) and Crane v. Liquor Control Board, 50 Dauph. Co. Rep. 401 (Pa. C.P. 1941) where courts did not require class members to give formal authorization to their representatives, and representatives do not appear to be compelled to give notice to the class members absent such an order issued in the court's discretion. Jones v. Zimmerman, 11 Leb. C.L.J. 391 (Pa. C.P. 1967).
Further, it has been held that the representative have no interest adverse to the class, Penn Galvanizing v. Philadelphia, 388 Pa. 370, 130 A.2d 511 (1957) and that the relief sought be beneficial to the class. Charles v. Crestview Properties, Inc., 15 Pa. D. C. 2d 568 (C.P. Dauph. 1957).
Exceptions have been carved out of Rule 2230 such as suits by or against a union, trade association or other unincorporated association cannot be brought within the scope of this Rule, rather these actions must proceed pursuant to the Unincorporated Associations as Parties Rules. Montgomery Township Citizens Ass'n v. Montgomery Township School District, 3 Adams Co. L. J. 15 (Pa. C. P. 1961); Rules Committee Note to Pa. R. Civ. P. 2230.
Pleading constraints have been established to some degree although uniformity in their application is far from a reality. In Wilson v. Blaine, 262 Pa. 367, 105 A. 555 (1918) and Crane v. Liquor Control Board, supra, it was held that the Plaintiff representative must plead his representation. The party may caption the complaint "Class Action" but this does not appear to be a necessity. Penn Galvanizing v. Philadelphia, supra; Herrera v. Burke, 50 Pa. D C 2d 73 (Del. C. P. 1970). Although the pleading requirements appear minimal, it should be noted that our Supreme Court in Penn Galvanizing stated that the minimal requirements are not merely formalistic and absent these minimal averments, etc. a class action will not be inferred. See Penn Galvanizing, supra, 388 Pa. at 376, 130 A.2d at 515.
While there appears to be a disparate variety of views on the factual averments necessary to support blanket representation, it would seem that these factual averments, as in the instant case, should go to the numerosity, commonality of interest and adequacy of representation substantive prerequisites.
For a complete review of other decisions in the area, see Delle Donne and Van Horn, supra.
Defendant asserts that there should be a tripartite test for Rule 2230, to wit, 1) necessity for numerosity (which is included in the Rule and the caselaw); 2) necessity for common questions of law and fact between class members (which is a requirement under the Federal Rule), and 3) a commonality of interest between the representative and members of the class as to insure adequate representation (which is a consolidation of two expressions recited by the Supreme Court and the express language of the Rule). Of these, the first and the third do bear of the Pennsylvania Rule, but the second, common question of law and fact, is a uniquely federal requirement, and we can find no sound reason for imposing such a requirement on Rule 2230. With these considerations in mind, we turn to the instant case.
Defendant, in support of its objection, first argues that the numerosity requirement has not been met by an averment that "more than 260" are the number in the class. Defendant admits there can be no hard, fast rule with respect to numerosity but cites to us Minersville Coal Co. v. Anthracite Export Ass'n, 55 F.R.D. 426 (M.D.Pa. 1971), for the proposition that at least one federal district considers 330 plaintiffs not so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable. We cannot accept a pure citation of numbers in such a determination, and as our Courts have said, federal decisions can be persuasive, but are in no way dispositive. To us, the approximation of 260 hospitals as Plaintiff in this class action, where claim is made for funds disallowed by Defendant, presents a sufficiently grave imposition on court resources, and an unnecessary drain on disparate private litigants' energies, to justify our saying that this proposed class is sufficiently numerous.
A purely numerical indication that other federal districts consider far less than 330 Plaintiffs impracticable for joinder purposes can be found in Carpenter v. Davis, 424 F.2d 257 (5th Circ. 1970) (20-30 Plaintiffs); Landsdale v. Tyler Junior College, 318 F. Supp. 529 (E.D. Tex. 1970) (40 Plaintiffs); Bowe v. Colgate Palmolive Company, 272 F. Supp. 332 (S.D. Ind. 1967) (160 Plaintiffs).
Next, we must determine whether this Plaintiff has a sufficient commonality of interest to justify a conclusion of adequacy of representation of remaining potential class members. The commonality of interest making Plaintiff a proper representative asserted by Plaintiff is that all class members enjoy similar contractual arrangements with Defendant and that all are subject to the same claim review procedure, that all are notified similarly of disallowance of claims, and all have been unreasonably delayed in the processing of reimbursement claims. Defendant counters by arguing that each potential Plaintiff, of necessity, will have different and individual questions and issues upon which a court must rule. Plaintiff has asked the Court to order Defendants to pay for all disallowed claims for inpatient hospital services from January 1971 upon the assertion that due process has been denied in the process of the claims. Assuming arguendo, that we would at some future date reach those merits and find that this named Plaintiff had been denied due process in the claim procedure, the unanswered question would be whether "all others," asserted to be similarly situated, were denied payment on similar grounds. The inquiry of whether federal and state requirements of medical necessity could, and most probably would be different for each claim of each class member. This, in itself, is sufficient to sustain Defendant's preliminary objection to the class action posture of this case.
See, e.g., McMonagle, supra; Buchanan, supra; and the federal decision of Mersay v. First Republic Corporation of America, 43 F.R.D. 465 (S.D. N.Y. 1968).
ORDER
AND NOW, this 26th day of August, 1975, the preliminary objection of defendant with respect to the propriety of Plaintiff's class action is hereby sustained and the cause in equity is dismissed without prejudice. Leave is granted Plaintiff to pursue the action individually. Defendant's preliminary objection with respect to the exhaustion of statutory remedies is dismissed.
I respectfully dissent. The majority opinion accurately and assiduously sets forth the applicable law, and, therefore, I adopt that entire opinion, except for the last three sentences. My review of this record leads me to conclude that the complaint properly sets forth a justiciable class action.
I would overrule the preliminary objections, permit the defendants to file an answer and, thereafter, allow the parties to proceed to trial. This would not only resolve a morass of bureaucratic dilatoriness, thereby benefiting the hospitals, their indigent patients and the Department of Public Welfare, but also would alleviate a multiplicity of lawsuits.