Opinion
No. 3961
Decided February 6, 1951
Where the sufficiency of a general exception is not questioned the issues which the parties have argued under the exception may be considered. Under the uniform fraudulent conveyance act (R. L., c. 419, s. 9, par. I) a creditor need have no lien by attachment or execution before bringing a bill in equity to "have the conveyance set aside." Where the defense to an action to set aside a deed from husband to wife as a fraudulent conveyance was that a trust in favor of the wife resulted from the fact that the property was originally purchased with her separate funds such evidence is material and the issue thus presented should be considered by the Trial Court on further hearing in determining whether the plaintiff creditor may maintain the action. If, in such case, a trust is found to have resulted in favor of the wife the question is material as to whether she is estopped from asserting her rights as against the creditor if she knew or had reason to know that credit was being extended her husband in reliance on his apparent ownership. A transfer by a husband to his wife of property which belongs to her legally or equitably is not fraudulent as to his creditors.
BILL IN EQUITY seeking to set aside as fraudulent within the meaning of R.L., c. 419, a conveyance of real estate made by John F. Sullivan to his wife Jennie Sullivan on August 9, 1947. Trial by the Court. Decree for the plaintiff, declaring the conveyance null and void, and ordering the defendant wife to reconvey to the defendant husband. All questions of law raised by exceptions taken by the defendants during the trial and by the defendants' exception "to the findings and rulings" of the Court were reserved and transferred.
The Trial Court found that the plaintiff loaned to the defendant husband on January 27, 1947, a sum of money which with interest to the date of maturity amounted to $3,850.56. No payments were made on the note. The plaintiff made demand in April, and on October 20, 1947, personal property mortgaged as security was sold at public auction for $1,150. On October 22, 1947, the plaintiff brought suit to recover a balance of $2,822.60, attaching the defendant husband's real estate. On the same day this bill in equity was filed.
On March 21, 1947, Joseph David, brother of the defendant wife brought two actions against the defendant husband to recover upon two notes given by the latter, each in the sum of $1,000. Attachments of his real estate were made on the following day. Service was not made upon the defendant, but was subsequently accepted by his counsel upon an agreement for late entry of the actions at the September, 1947 term.
At the time of the conveyance in question, the real estate conveyed stood in the names of both defendants as joint tenants, and had since June 21, 1941, when they acquired it. The Court found that on August 9, 1947, the equity in the real estate, over and above a mortgage, had a value of $3,400; that disregarding the attachments in the David actions, the equity of the defendant husband had a value of $1,700; and ruled "that on August 9, 1947 [he] was insolvent within the meaning of Section 2, Chapter 419, and was not rendered insolvent by the transfer of real estate on that date." The Court further found that "no . . . satisfaction of an antecedent debt played any part in this transfer"; that it was not made in consideration of any undertaking by David to forbear prosecuting his actions; and that it was not made "to lead [the defendant wife] to abandon a divorce action or to settle any dispute but rather to furnish to [her] a feeling of security in her home. . . . "The Court ruled that "such a consideration is not a `fair consideration' within the meaning of Section 3 (I), Chapter 419."
The defendants' requests that the bill be dismissed because the plaintiff had not exhausted its remedies at law against the husband, and because it had made "no specific attachment of the property in question," were denied.
With respect to the defendants' claim that "since Jennie paid the purchase price and the mortgage payments on the house, there is a resulting trust in her favor or . . . she is the equitable owner of the whole property," the Court ruled: "As between John and Jennie, this might be considered, but as against the plaintiff as a creditor of John, in [this action] these matters are not material and such claims cannot be asserted by Jennie." By granting a request filed by the plaintiff, the Court also ruled: "In view of the reliance by Merchants National Bank in Mr. Sullivan's interest in the . . . real estate, it would be inequitable to permit the parties to assert an alleged equitable ownership by Mrs. Sullivan."
The plaintiff's bill contained no allegation of fraud on the part of the defendant wife, and the findings state that "the case is therefore considered upon the assumption that Jennie acted in good faith." Other facts appear in the opinion. Reserved and transferred by Goodnow, C.J.
Charles F. Hartnett (by brief and orally), for the plaintiff.
McCabe Fisher and John D. McCarthy (Mr. McCarthy orally), for the defendants.
So far as the record discloses, the defendants have preserved only a general exception to the findings and rulings of the Trial Court. Cf. Parks v. Company, 94 N.H. 454. However since the sufficiency of the exception is not questioned by the plaintiff, issues which the parties have argued under the exception will be considered. Bee v. Chicopee Mfg. Corp., 94 N.H. 478, 479.
The defendants raise a preliminary objection that the plaintiff has not exhausted its remedies at law, and has no attachment lien, and that therefore the bill should be dismissed. Since the only attachment made was in the law action against the husband brought after his conveyance to his wife, the plaintiff has no lien upon the property conveyed. Under the statute upon which the plaintiff relies, however, the objection raised is not decisive of the plaintiff's right to maintain its action. The statute, (the uniform fraudulent conveyances act), expressly provides that a creditor having a matured claim may either "have the conveyance set aside . . . or disregard the conveyance and attach or levy execution upon the property conveyed." R.L., c. 419, s. 9 (I). The plaintiff was entitled to seek relief under the first alternative. In American Surety Co. v. Conner, 251 N.Y. 1, a leading case upon this question, it was held that under the uniform act a creditor need have no attachment or execution before bringing his bill. Speaking through Cardozo, Ch. J., the court pointed out that the act expressly abrogates "the ancient rule whereby a judgment and a lien were essential preliminaries to equitable relief against a fraudulent conveyance." (p. 7). We see no reason to entertain a different view. Note, 42 Yale L.J. 288; McLaughlin, 46 Harv. L. Rev. 404, 438. See Wilson v. McCarroll, 80 N.H. 580.
The defendants' principal claim of error relates to the ruling that the claim of a resulting trust in favor of the wife is not material, and may not be asserted against the plaintiff. As a proposition of law the ruling was erroneous; and we are not satisfied that the requested ruling that in view of the plaintiff's reliance, "it would be inequitable to permit the parties to assert an alleged equitable ownership by Mrs. Sullivan" was intended to be a finding or ruling based upon the evidence with respect to this issue, since the issue was expressly ruled out as immaterial.
The testimony of the defendant wife indicated that the property in question was purchased with her separate funds, and her husband named as a joint grantee without her consent, although perhaps with her ultimate acquiescence. Her testimony was not denied, but was in part at least confirmed, by that of her husband. Coupled with the evidence of the subsequent conduct of the parties with respect to the property, the evidence would support a finding that any presumption of a gift of the property by the wife to the husband was rebutted (Foley v. Foley, 90 N.H. 281), and that a trust in favor of the wife resulted (Hopkinson v. Dumas, 42 N.H. 296; Smith v. Pratt, 95 N.H. 337, 340), at least in the proportion which her funds invested in the property bore to the total investment (Hatch v. Rideout, 95 N.H. 431). "Whether there was a trust in favor of the wife was the great question in the case; and inasmuch as that question was not tried . . . the case should be discharged, and stand for further hearing in the court below." Moulton v. Haley, 57 N.H. 184, 187.
The ruling that the establishment of a resulting trust would be material only as between husband and wife, and not as against this plaintiff was erroneous. If a trust resulted, then the equitable interest of the wife in the premises was, at least pro tanto, "fair consideration" for the conveyance made to her. Keaton v. Pipkins, 43 F.2d 497; see Citizens Nat. Bank v. Hermsdorf, ante, 389. To the extent to which she was beneficial owner of the property, conveyance to her was merely execution of the trust (Owings v. Laugharn, 53 Cal.App. (2d) 789), and operated to deprive the husband's creditors of no assets of his. "Where one person pays the purchase price for a conveyance of land to another, the resulting trust in favor of the payor may, of course, be cut off by a transfer of the land to a bona fide purchaser. Creditors are not purchasers for value, and creditors of the trustee cannot enforce their claims against the trust property." 3 Scott, Trusts, s. 459; 2 Id., s. 308.
The provisions of the uniform fraudulent conveyances act do not alter this principle. "If the property transferred is not subject to the claims of creditors, the rules as to fraudulent conveyances do not apply. . . . A transfer by a husband to his wife of property which belongs to her legally or equitably is not fraudulent as to his creditors." Kummet v. Thielen, 210 Minn. 302, 306. "It is the performance of an equitable obligation which the court so far as possible will protect. . . . "Ferguson v. Winchester Trust Co., 267 Mass., 397, 400. See also, R. L., c. 419, s. 11; Liberty Trust Co. v. Hayes, 244 Mass. 251; Garner v. Second Nat. Bank, 151 U.S. 420; 9 Uniform Laws Annotated 342, note 12; Glenn, Fraudulent Conveyances, s. 369; McLaughlin, 46 Harv. L. Rev. 404, 413.
If upon further hearing, it is found that a trust resulted in favor of the defendant wife, there will remain for determination the further question of whether she is estopped to assert her rights. "Where . . . credit is extended to the trustee in reliance upon his apparent ownership of the trust property, and the beneficiary knew or had reason to know that the trustee was receiving credit because of his apparent ownership . . . the beneficiary is estopped by his conduct from enforcing his equitable interest as against such creditors." 3 Scott, Trusts, s. 459. See also, 2 Id., s. 313. Liberty Trust Co. v. Hayes, supra; Keaton v. Pipkins, supra; Berenato v. Gazzara, 346 Pa. 568; Restatement, Trusts, s. 459.
The defendant wife disclaimed any knowledge of her husband's transactions which gave rise to his liability to the plaintiff. Whether she in fact knew or should have known that he was obtaining credit upon the strength of his record title to the real estate is a question of fact for the Trial Court.
The ruling relied upon by the plaintiff which was made in response to its request does not dispose of this issue. While it perhaps implies a finding that the plaintiff relied upon the husband's apparent title, there is no finding upon the second requirement of estoppel, that of knowledge, actual or constructive, on the part of the defendant wife. The cases of Butler v. Wheeler, 73 N.H. 156 and Sanborn, McDuffee Co. v. Keefe, 88 N.H. 236, 240, relied upon by the plaintiff are not controlling of this case. Like the case of Belis v. Belis, 84 N.H. 541, they deal with the rights of a creditor having an attachment lien upon property in which an equitable title was asserted. The plaintiff in this case obtained no lien by attachment prior to the conveyance complained of, and we are not called upon to determine what its rights would be if it had.
Other exceptions relied upon by the defendants require no extended consideration. No exceptions to denial of their requests are transferred. Evidence relating to the plaintiff's investigation of the husband's credit standing was admissible upon the issue of its reliance upon his apparent title. The testimony concerning the basis of the plaintiff's bid upon foreclosure of its chattel mortgage was not incompetent because self-serving. Clapp Co. v. McCleary, 89 N.H. 65, 66. Exclusion of testimony by the plaintiff's cashier as to whether he considered the conveyance fraudulent was proper in the Court's discretion. Danos v. Company, 94 N.H. 200; Dowling v. Shattuck, 91 N.H. 234.
Final disposition of the bill must await further findings upon the issue of whether a trust of the real estate resulted to the wife, and if so, whether she is estopped to assert the rights so acquired.
Case discharged.
All concurred.