Summary
recognizing the appellate deference owed to the circuit court's factual findings under Code §§ 19.2-182.3 and -182.5 regarding whether the defendant's diagnosed disorders were mental illnesses
Summary of this case from Walker v. CommonwealthOpinion
Record No. 990821.
January 14, 2000.
Present: All the Justices.
Appellant was found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) on charges of carjacking, grand larceny, maiming, and robbery. Pursuant to Code § 19.2-182.2, the circuit court remanded her to the custody of the Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services (the Commissioner). Thereafter, the court conditionally released her from custody. However, six months later the circuit court required appellant to undergo a 30-day inpatient evaluation, after she claimed that she had been raped and had sustained a stab wound. The court eventually recommitted appellant to the custody of the Commissioner. She next appeared before the circuit court, pursuant to Code § 19.2-182.5, to determine whether she continued to need inpatient hospitalization. The court heard testimony from two expert witnesses, both licensed clinical psychologists. They agreed that appellant suffers from antisocial personality disorder (APD) and polysubstance dependence (PSD). However, they expressed differing opinions as to whether either condition falls within the definition of "mentally ill" in Code § 37.1-1. Both psychologists believed that appellant poses a "very, very high risk" for future dangerousness. Based on this evidence, the circuit court found that appellant suffers from a mental illness because of her history of drug abuse and addiction. The court concluded that appellant does not meet the conditions for conditional release because: 1) she is mentally ill and in need of inpatient hospitalization; 2) it is highly probable that she will violate the terms of the conditional release; 3) her conditional release will present an undue risk to public safety. Appellant appeals. The sole issue before the Court is whether APD and PSD are mental illnesses.
1. The Supreme Court of the United States in a recent case did not state that APD can never, as a matter of law, be classified as a mental illness. Rather, the Court held that a finding of both mental illness and future dangerousness must be present in order to continue the confinement of an NGRI acquittee.
2. The language of Code § 37.1-i does not squarely address the question whether PSD qualifies as a mental illness for purposes other than Chapter 2, such as satisfying the standard for appellant's continued commitment as an NGRI acquittee. However, it would strain credulity to say that PSD qualifies as a mental illness when deciding whether to voluntarily or involuntarily admit an individual, who has not committed an unlawful act, to a hospital for treatment but is never a mental illness when determining whether to continue the inpatient hospitalization of an NGRI acquittee.
3. Instead of focusing solely on the definition of "mentally ill" in Code § 37.1-1, analysis should include the provisions of Code §§ 19.2-182.3 and -182.5, which set forth the criteria that must be satisfied in order to continue appellant's commitment to the custody of the Commissioner. Specifically, Code § 19.2-182.5 provides that the court can retain an NGRI acquittee in the custody of the Commissioner if the acquittee "continues to require inpatient hospitalization based on consideration of the factors set forth in § 19.2-182.3."
4. Under Code § 19.2-182.3, "mental illness" includes any mental illness, as this term is defined in § 37.1-1, in a state of remission when the illness may, with reasonable probability, become active. In contrast, the definition of "mentally ill" in Code § 37.1-1 does not include the phrase "in a state of remission." Thus the term "mental illness" in Code § 19.2-182.3 is not limited solely to the definition of "[m]entally ill" in Code § 37.1-1.
5. Code § 19.2-182.3 also establishes four factors that the circuit court had to consider in determining whether to continue appellant's commitment: 1. To what extent the acquittee is mentally ill or mentally retarded, as those terms are defined in § 37.1-1; 2. The likelihood that the acquittee will engage in conduct presenting a substantial risk of bodily harm to other persons or to himself in the foreseeable future; 3. The likelihood that the acquittee can be adequately controlled with supervision and treatment on an outpatient basis; and 4. Such other factors as the court deems relevant.
6. States have not been required to adopt any particular nomenclature in drafting civil commitment statutes. The legislature has the task of defining terms of a medical nature that have legal significance. Accordingly, the determination with regard to whether appellant suffers from a mental illness, and therefore should continue to be committed to the custody of the Commissioner, is a question of fact to be resolved by the trial court based upon consideration of the relevant Code provisions, and the report and testimony of mental health experts.
7. The circuit court in this case heard testimony from the two experts, and also had the benefit of their written reports. While the experts agreed that appellant still presents a high risk of engaging in aggressive behavior and harming others, they disagreed about whether appellant is mentally ill. Thus, the circuit court had to resolve that conflict in the testimony.
8. Conflicting expert opinions constitute a question of fact, and it is within the province of the finder of fact to assess the credibility of the witnesses and the probative value to be given to their testimony. The factual determinations of the trial court, like those of a jury, are binding on appeal, and such findings will be reversed only if they are plainly wrong or without evidence to support them.
9. Considering the evidence in this case in light of these established principles, the circuit court correctly determined that appellant continues to need inpatient hospitalization in accordance with the terms of Code §§ 19.2-182.3 and -182.5. There is evidence in the record to support the court's conclusion that appellant suffers from a mental illness and presents a substantial risk of bodily harm to other persons because of her long history of drug abuse, addiction, and violence. Although not dispositive of the issue, it is significant that the circuit court also found that appellant meets the definition of the term "drug addict" in Code § 37.1-1.
10. Finally, the clinical psychologists disagreed only with regard to whether PSD is a mental illness. In resolving that conflict, the circuit court is not necessarily bound by the definitions employed by the medical profession. For these reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Newport News. Hon. Verbena M. Askew, judge presiding.
Affirmed.
Robert Moody, IV ( Krinick, Segall, Moody Lewis, on brief), for appellant.
Garland L. Bigley, Assistant Attorney General ( Mark L. Earley, Attorney General; Ashley L. Taylor, Jr., Deputy Attorney General; Jane D. Hickey, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In this appeal, we consider the definition of the term "[m]entally ill" in Code § 37.1-1 in relation to the criteria set forth in Code §§ 19.2-182.3 and -182.5 for the continued commitment of an individual found not guilty of criminal charges by reason of insanity. Because we conclude that there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the circuit court's judgment that the acquittee does not satisfy the requirements for conditional release, we will affirm that judgment.
FACTS
Brigitte Daniele Mercer was found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) on charges of carjacking, grand larceny, maiming, and robbery. Pursuant to Code § 19.2-182.2, the circuit court remanded Mercer to the custody of the Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services (the Commissioner). In January 1997, the court conditionally released her from custody pursuant to Code § 19.2-182.7. However, the circuit court required Mercer to undergo a 30-day inpatient evaluation in June 1997 after Mercer claimed that she had been raped and had sustained a stab wound to her thigh. The court eventually recommitted Mercer to the custody of the Commissioner.
Code § 19.2-182.2 requires, in pertinent part, that a person acquitted by reason of insanity shall be placed in the temporary custody of the Commissioner of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services "for evaluation as to whether the acquittee may be released with or without conditions or requires commitment."
Code § 19.2-182.7 provides that upon consideration of an NGRI acquittee's need for inpatient hospitalization, the acquittee must be conditionally released if the court finds that
(i) based on consideration of the factors which the court must consider in its commitment decision, he does not need inpatient hospitalization but needs outpatient treatment or monitoring to prevent his condition from deteriorating to a degree that he would need inpatient hospitalization; (ii) appropriate outpatient supervision and treatment are reasonably available; (iii) there is significant reason to believe that the acquittee, if conditionally released, would comply with the conditions specified; and (iv) conditional release will not present an undue risk to public safety.
Mercer next appeared before the circuit court on August 25, 1998, pursuant to Code § 19.2-182.5, for the purpose of determining whether she continued to need inpatient hospitalization. At that hearing, the court heard testimony from two expert witnesses, Evan S. Nelson, Ph.D., a licensed clinical psychologist, and Christine A. Bryant, Psy.D., also a licensed clinical psychologist. Both experts examined Mercer prior to the hearing and submitted written reports to the court pursuant to Code § 19.2-182.5(B). Based on their evaluations, Dr. Bryant and Dr. Nelson opined that Mercer suffers from antisocial personality disorder (APD) and polysubstance dependence (PSD). However, they expressed differing opinions with regard to whether either APD or PSD falls within the definition of a mental illness in Code § 37.1-1.
Code § 19.2-182.5(A) requires that a "committing court shall conduct a hearing twelve months after the date of commitment to assess each confined acquittee's need for inpatient hospitalization."
Relying primarily on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed. 1994) (DSM-IV), Dr. Bryant testified that both APD and PSD are mental illnesses. She described APD as being "the disregard for authority or for social rules and mores," and defined PSD as the addiction to multiple drugs. According to Dr. Bryant, Mercer has been "drug free" only during her periods of hospitalization. With regard to Mercer's risk of harm to other persons, Dr. Bryant stated that Mercer's history of aggressive behavior, demonstrated by her "extensive legal history," was one of several risk factors requiring continued inpatient hospitalization. Dr. Bryant believed that Mercer "continues to be a risk for future aggressive behavior," and that she cannot be adequately controlled as an outpatient.
Dr. Nelson did not categorize Mercer's APD as a mental disease or illness. Instead, he drew a distinction between the multiaxial diagnostic system in the DSM-IV, upon which Dr. Bryant relied, and the conditions that courts may consider to be mental illnesses under the Code. However, Dr. Nelson seemingly contradicted himself because he also testified that, under the Code, both APD and PSD are considered mental diseases. He admitted that if the court believed Mercer is mentally ill, continued commitment is warranted. Like Dr. Bryant, Dr. Nelson also believed that Mercer poses a "very, very high risk" for future dangerousness.
Based on this evidence, the circuit court found that Mercer suffers from a mental illness because of her history of drug abuse and addiction. The court concluded "that Mercer does not meet the conditions for conditional release . . . because: 1) Mercer is mentally ill and in need of inpatient hospitalization; 2) it is highly probable that Mercer will violate the terms of the conditional release; 3) her conditional release will present an undue risk to public safety." We awarded Mercer this appeal.
The circuit court did not rest its decision on Mercer's APD. The court stated that "the case does not rise and fall on whether the Court finds that Mercer's [APD] is a mental illness." Instead, the court focused on "the last portion of [Code] § 37.1-1 which indicates that the term `mentally ill' shall be deemed to include any person who is a drug addict or alcoholic."
ANALYSIS
Mercer acknowledges on brief that the sole issue before the Court is whether APD and PSD are mental illnesses. She relies on Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992), in arguing that APD can never be classified as a mental illness. Mercer further contends that PSD is not a mental illness because, according to her, the definition of the term "[m]entally ill" in Code § 37.1-1 expressly excludes drug addiction and alcoholism from its purview for the purpose of determining if an NGRI acquittee should remain in the custody of the Commissioner. Therefore, she asserts that Dr. Bryant's testimony that PSD is a mental illness was insufficient, as a matter of law, to support the circuit court's finding that Mercer suffers from a mental illness.
The Commonwealth argues that Mercer misconstrues the decision inFoucha as well as Code § 37.1-1, and that, at any rate, this Court's focus should be on PSD, not APD, since the circuit court did not base its decision on Mercer's APD. The Commonwealth finally asserts that the question whether an individual suffers from a mental illness is a factual determination to be made by the court after hearing the testimony of mental health experts. We agree with the Commonwealth.
As a preliminary matter, we note that the Supreme Court of the United States in Foucha did not, as Mercer argues, state that APD can never, as a matter of law, be classified as a mental illness. Rather, the Court held that a finding of both mental illness and future dangerousness must be present in order to continue the confinement of an NGRI acquittee.Foucha, 504 U.S. at 80. In that case, there was no medical evidence that Foucha was mentally ill at the time of his hearing, although the testimony regarding his future dangerousness was uncontested. Id. at 74-75. The government in Foucha did not argue that Foucha's APD was a mental illness; rather, it relied on the trial court's finding that the APD made Foucha a danger "to himself or others." Id. at 78. Thus, the Supreme Court did not decide in Foucha whether APD is a mental illness, but simply affirmed the principle that a state cannot confine an individual with a mental illness absent a showing by clear and convincing evidence "that the individual is mentally ill and dangerous." Id. at 80 (quotingJones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 362 (1983)).
However, as the Commonwealth points out, the circuit court in the present case did not rest its decision on Mercer's APD, but instead focused on her PSD. Accordingly, we will now address that diagnosis and the circuit court's analysis of it.
As already noted, Mercer argues that Code § 37.1-1 expressly excludes drug addicts, and thus individuals with PSD, from the definition of "[m]entally ill" when deciding whether to continue the confinement of an NGRI acquittee. That Code section provides, in pertinent part, "that for the purposes of Chapter 2 (§ 37.1-63 et seq.) of this title, the term `mentally ill' shall be deemed to include any person who is a drug addict or alcoholic." According to Mercer, this language means that neither drug addiction nor alcoholism can serve as the basis for a finding of mental illness except for the purposes of Chapter 2. We disagree.
The term "[d]rug addict" is defined in Code § 37.1-1 as "a person who: (i) through use of habit-forming drugs or other drugs enumerated in the Virginia Drug Control Act (§ 54.1-3400 et seq.) as controlled drugs, has become dangerous to the public or himself; or (ii) because of such drug use, is medically determined to be in need of medical or psychiatric care, treatment, rehabilitation or counseling."
Chapter 2 of Title 37.1 deals primarily with the voluntary and involuntary admission of a person with a mental illness to a hospital for treatment of such illness.
The language of Code § 37.1-1 does not squarely address the question whether PSD qualifies as a mental illness for purposes other than Chapter 2, such as satisfying the standard for Mercer's continued commitment as an NGRI acquittee. In other words, it neither compels nor forbids a finding of mental illness based on PSD in situations that are not covered by Chapter 2. However, we believe that it would strain credulity to say, as Mercer suggests, that PSD qualifies as a mental illness when deciding whether to voluntarily or involuntarily admit an individual who has not committed an unlawful act to a hospital for treatment, but is never a mental illness when determining whether to continue the inpatient hospitalization of an NGRI acquittee.
Instead of focusing solely on the definition of "[m]entally ill" in Code § 37.1-1, we believe that the analysis should include the provisions of Code §§ 19.2-182.3 and -182.5, which set forth the criteria that must be satisfied in order to continue Mercer's commitment to the custody of the Commissioner. Specifically, Code § 19.2-182.5 provides that the court can retain an NGRI acquittee in the custody of the Commissioner if the acquittee "continues to require inpatient hospitalization based on consideration of the factors set forth in § 19.2-182.3." Under Code § 19.2-182.3, "mental illness includes any mental illness, as this term is defined in § 37.1-1, in a state of remission when the illness may, with reasonable probability, become active." (Emphasis added.) In contrast, the definition of "[m]entally ill" in Code § 37.1-1 does not include the phrase "in a state of remission." Thus the term "mental illness" in Code § 19.2-182.3 is not limited solely to the definition of "[m]entally ill" in Code § 37.1-1.
Code § 19.2-182.3 also establishes four factors that the circuit court had to consider in determining whether to continue Mercer's commitment:
1. To what extent the acquittee is mentally ill or mentally retarded, as those terms are defined in § 37.1-1;
2. The likelihood that the acquittee will engage in conduct presenting a substantial risk of bodily harm to other persons or to himself in the foreseeable future;
3. The likelihood that the acquittee can be adequately controlled with supervision and treatment on an outpatient basis; and
4. Such other factors as the court deems relevant.
In Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997), the Supreme Court of the United States acknowledged that it had never "required State legislatures to adopt any particular nomenclature in drafting civil commitment statutes." Id. at 359. Instead, the Court "left to legislators the task of defining terms of a medical nature that have legal significance." Id. Consequently, the Court recognized that states have "developed numerous specialized terms to define mental health concepts" and that those "definitions do not fit precisely with the definitions employed by the medical community." Id.
Accordingly, we conclude that the determination with regard to whether Mercer suffers from a mental illness, and therefore should continue to be committed to the custody of the Commissioner, is a question of fact to be resolved by the trial court based upon consideration of the relevant Code provisions, and the report and testimony of mental health experts. The circuit court in this case heard testimony from Dr. Bryant and Dr. Nelson, and also had the benefit of their written reports. While the experts agreed that Mercer still presents a high risk of engaging in aggressive behavior and harming others, they disagreed about whether Mercer is mentally ill. Thus, the circuit court had to resolve that conflict in the testimony.
There are several established principles that guide our review of the circuit court's resolution of the conflict in the testimony of the two witnesses. "Conflicting expert opinions constitute a question of fact. . . ." McCaskey v. Patrick Henry Hospital, 225 Va. 413, 415, 304 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1983). It is within the province of the finder of fact "to assess the credibility of the witnesses and the probative value to be given their testimony." Richardson v. Richardson, 242 Va. 242, 246, 409 S.E.2d 148, 151 (1991). The factual determinations of the trial court, like those of a jury, are binding on this Court, and we will reverse such findings "only if they are plainly wrong or without evidence to support them." Id.
Considering the evidence in this case in light of these established principles, we conclude that the circuit court correctly determined that Mercer continues to need inpatient hospitalization in accordance with the terms of Code §§ 19.2-182.3 and -182.5. There is evidence in the record to support the court's conclusion that Mercer suffers from a mental illness and presents a substantial risk of bodily harm to other persons because of her long history of drug abuse, drug addiction, and violence. Although not dispositive of the issue before us, it is significant that the circuit court also found that Mercer meets the definition of the term "[d]rug addict" in Code § 37.1-1. Finally, Dr. Bryant and Dr. Nelson disagreed only with regard to whether PSD is a mental illness. In resolving that conflict, the circuit court is not necessarily bound by the definitions employed by the medical profession.See Hendricks, 521 U.S. at 359.
For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.