Summary
In Mendola we concluded the defendant father was subject to liability for leaving a gun out where his 11-year-old son was able to use it in the shooting of another child.
Summary of this case from Rogers v. ThomasOpinion
November 17, 1949.
March 14, 1950.
Negligence — Permitting third person to do dangerous thing — Father and son — Loaded rifle — Causation — Restatement, Torts.
1. It is negligence to permit a third person to use a thing or to engage in an activity which is under the control of the actor, if the actor knows or should know that such person intends or is likely to use the thing or to conduct himself in the activity in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of harm to others.
2. Restatement, Torts, § 308, cited.
3. In a trespass case, in which it appeared that defendant left a loaded rifle unattended in his house, and that defendant's son found it and, while demonstrating its operation to the minor plaintiff, accidentally shot him, it was Held that the evidence established that defendant was negligent and that his negligence was the proximate cause of the injury.
Before RHODES, P.J., HIRT, RENO, DITHRICH, ROSS and FINE, JJ. (ARNOLD, J., absent).
Appeals, Nos. 150 and 151, April T., 1949, from judgments of Court of Common Pleas of Washington County, Nov. T., 1948, No. 257, in cases of Robert Mendola, a minor, by Serafino B. Mendola, his Guardian, v. Joseph Sambol and Serafino B. Mendola et ux. v. Same. Judgments affirmed.
Trespass for personal injuries. Before CUMMINS, J.
Compulsory nonsuit entered as to defendant wife; verdicts, in favor of plaintiff-parents in the sum of $1,474.85, and in favor of minor plaintiff in the sum of $500, against defendant husband, and judgments entered thereon. Defendant husband appealed.
Paul N. Barna, for appellant.
D.M. Anderson, Jr., with him Anderson Anderson, for appellees.
Argued November 17, 1949.
The minor-plaintiff, a seven-year-old child, suffered serious injury from a gunshot wound. The jury found that the injury was the proximate result of the defendant's negligence and awarded damages in favor of the child's parents to compensate them for hospital and medical expense incurred, and, in a second verdict against the defendant, made an allowance to the minor for pain and suffering. The lower court properly refused to enter judgments in favor of the defendant n. o. v. under the circumstances.
The verdicts establish these facts: Defendant had a .22 caliber repeating rifle which he kept in his home. On the evening in question he had invited his eleven-year-old son to go with him to a public refuse dump in Donora to shoot rats. He had brought the gun from his room and placed it unattended behind a door in the living room on the first floor of the house while he went to a chicken coop in the back yard. In the father's absence the son found the gun there and took it with him to the family automobile which was parked in front of the house, in readiness for the trip to the dump. The son saw the minor-plaintiff standing nearby and called the child to him to demonstrate the operation of the gun. Unknown to the son there were cartridges in the magazine of the rifle which the father had left in the gun after last using it. In showing the minor-plaintiff how the gun worked, defendant's son operated the mechanism which transferred a cartridge from the magazine into the firing chamber. This operation cocked the gun and the load was discharged into the leg of the plaintiff-child when defendant's son intentionally, or otherwise, pulled the trigger.
This case does not invoke the theory of vicarious liability imposed upon a father for the tortious conduct of his son. The verdicts of the jury charged the defendant with negligence, imposing liability on him because of his own acts in relation to the gun under the principle, which controls this appeal, stated thus in § 308 of the Restatement, Torts: "It is negligence to permit a third person to use a thing or to engage in an activity which is under the control of the actor, if the actor knows or should know that such person intends or is likely to use the thing or to conduct himself in the activity in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of harm to others". There are few things as attractive to a young boy as a gun. And in recognition of that fact this comment appears in the above section of the Restatement: "b. The rule stated in this Section has its most frequent application where the third person is a member of a class which is notoriously likely to misuse the thing which the actor permits him to use. Thus, it is negligent to place loaded firearms or poisons within reach of young children or feebleminded adults". Even before the Restatement, it was the generally accepted rule that a father's conduct in permitting his child to have access to a dangerous instrumentality, which the child used to the damage of another, may be negligence depending upon the circumstances, imposing liability upon the father for the injury. See Annotations, 12 A.L.R. 812 and 44 A.L.R. 1509. The rule had application in Pennsylvania. In Archibald v. Jewell, 70 Pa. Super. 247, the question of the negligence of a father in knowingly permitting his son to possess an air rifle which discharged a BB shot with such force as to destroy the eye of the plaintiff at a distance of fifty feet, was held to be for the jury. Cf. Loughlin v. Penna. R.R. Co., 240 Pa. 174, 87 A. 294. Fleming et al. v. Kravitz, 260 Pa. 428, 103 A. 831, on which defendant relies, not only is distinguishable on its facts, but its holding has been discredited by the Pennsylvania Annotation of the above section of the Restatement on the ground that it is out of line with all of the other Pennsylvania cases.
Under the charge of the court, as to which there is no complaint, the jury were justified in the present case in finding also that the defendant's negligence was the proximate cause of the injury, since it was the natural and probable consequence of his negligent act in making the loaded gun accessible to his son. The likelihood of harm to others ought to have been foreseen by the defendant under the circumstances. Wassell et ux. v. Ludwig, 92 Pa. Super. 341; Condel et al. v. Savo et ux., 350 Pa. 350, 39 A.2d 51.
Judgments affirmed.