Summary
adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342 as the standard of care owed licensees
Summary of this case from Power v. Union Pac. R. Co.Opinion
No. 43317.
July 31, 1975.
[1] Appeal and Error — Instructions — Exceptions — Necessity — Purpose. The purpose of precluding appellate consideration of an instruction to which no proper exception has been made is to require the parties to make their best effort to produce an error-free trial by giving the court an adequate statement of the basis for their exceptions.
Appeal and Error — Instructions — Exceptions — Sufficiency.
[3] Negligence — Owner or Occupier of Land — Licensees — Standard of Care — In General. A possessor of land has a duty to exercise reasonable care towards licensees on his property with respect to any known dangerous condition, when he can reasonably anticipate the licensee will not discover the condition or realize its risks; this duty is met by either warning licensees of the danger or making the condition safe (overruling Steele v. Thorne, 72 Wn.2d 714, insofar as it is inconsistent).
[See Ann. 55 A.L.R.2d 525; 62 Am.Jur.2d, Premises Liability §§ 79-82.]
[4] Trial — Instructions — Sufficiency — Change in Law. When an appealing party has sought and obtained a revision in substantive law, the fact that his proposed instruction in the trial court did not precisely anticipate the exact form of the revision will not prevent submission of the issue to the jury at a new trial under an appropriate instruction.
HOROWITZ, UTTER, and BRACHTENBACH, JJ., concur by separate opinion.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Yakima County, No. 56269, Blaine Hopp, Jr., J., entered May 17, 1974. Reversed.
Action for damages. The plaintiff appeals from a judgment entered on a verdict in favor of the defendants.
Ivy, Elofson, Vincent, Hurst Crossland, by David K. Crossland, for appellant.
Homer A. Crollard (of Gavin, Robinson, Kendrick, Redman Mays), for respondents.
On March 13, 1972, the plaintiff (appellant), Verna Memel, a 71-year-old woman, visited the home of the defendants (respondents), Robert and Helen Reimer, to attend a meeting of a local flower guild. Upon entering the house, the plaintiff went to the kitchen and spoke briefly with Mrs. Reimer, who instructed the plaintiff to put her coat in the bedroom. The plaintiff noticed a door next to the kitchenette which was unlatched, and she presumed it led to the bedroom. Upon opening the door, she immediately realized that this was not a hallway. Due to the lack of light and the presence of several coats hanging on the wall, the plaintiff incorrectly concluded that this was a kitchen closet, while, in fact, it was a stairway leading down to the basement. There was an open hook on the far right-hand side, for which she reached without entering in order to hang her coat. When the coat began to slip off the hook, the plaintiff grabbed for it, causing her to slip off the stairwell threshold located at the door jam, and thereupon fall down the entire flight of stairs. This fall resulted in serious personal injuries to the plaintiff.
At the trial the court rejected the plaintiff's theory that the proper duty owed by a landowner to a licensee was one of reasonable care under the circumstances, and instructed the jury that the plaintiff had the burden of proving that the defendants were guilty of wanton misconduct in failing to warn her of the dangerous stairwell. The jury returned a verdict (10 to 2) in favor of the defendants and judgment was entered thereon. The plaintiff appeals from that judgment.
A threshold issue presented by this case is whether any error assigned to the jury instructions can be considered due to the form in which exceptions were taken at trial. The defendants contend that the trial court's instructions become the law of the case, since the plaintiff failed to specify by number which instructions were excepted to. We disagree.
[1, 2] During the instruction conference, counsel for both sides argued extensively as to whether the case should be submitted to the jury on the theory of wanton misconduct as opposed to reasonable care under the circumstances. The record clearly shows that the plaintiff went to great lengths to persuade the court to adopt her theory of reasonable care under the circumstances. While the plaintiff did in fact fail to numerically list those instructions she excepted to, she did state that she objected to all of the court's instructions which incorporated a theory of wanton misconduct. In support of her position, the plaintiff cited numerous authorities to the court. The end result was that the trial judge considered the plaintiff's theory and rejected it. While we strongly disapprove of the informal manner in which the plaintiff excepted to the instructions actually given, we must not lose sight of the purpose of the rule regarding proper exceptions:
[T]he purpose of the rule requiring a party to except. . . is to put upon counsel the duty to use his best efforts to keep a trial free from error, and to this end to give the court an adequate statement of his position upon all matters upon which he asks the court to make a ruling. If a trial court then rejects the contention, there may be a just grievance for which an appeal is the only remedy; but an appeal is not a device for trying out new theories or improving on the trial below.
Moore v. Mayfair Tavern, Inc., 75 Wn.2d 401, 406-07, 451 P.2d 669 (1969). In the addendum to the statement of facts, the trial judge certified to this court that he was fully apprised as to the plaintiff's theory, and, upon considering it, he chose to reject this theory in favor of that proposed by the defendant. In other words, the trial court was not misled or prejudiced in any fashion. Since the plaintiff fully informed the trial court of the action she desired the court to take and the grounds therefor, she will not be precluded from arguing her assignments of error to this court. Having dispensed with this procedural question, we now address the central issue raised by this appeal.
The plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that "an owner or occupier owes to a social guest a duty not to commit wanton misconduct in connection with the conditions of his premises." The plaintiff argues that this is an antiquated rule that improperly insulated possessors of land from liability, and therefore should be replaced by the modern rule which imposes a duty of exercising reasonable care under the circumstances. We agree.
The traditional rule, originally formulated in England, protected licensees only where the possessor of land had committed willful and wanton acts of misconduct. 2 Harper James, Law of Torts § 27.1 (1956). Realizing the harshness of this rule, courts have attempted to formulate exceptions which afford relief to injured parties. In Christensen v. Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., 16 Wn.2d 424, 133 P.2d 797 (1943), we stated on page 432:
The rule as thus expressed does not exclude liability on the part of the owner or proprietor for extraordinary concealed perils against which the licensee cannot protect himself, or for unreasonable risks incident to the possessor's activities.
While recognizing a need for a change, neither exception was formally adopted since the facts of Christensen did not come within these "exceptional circumstances."
Twenty years later, the "activities" exception was formally adopted in Potts v. Amis, 62 Wn.2d 777, 384 P.2d 825 (1963). In Potts we noted the willingness of this court "to accept the rule of reasonable care under the circumstances," yet we deferred our determination as to whether the rule covering the conditions of the premises required revision until the facts of a later case necessitated it. The instant case now mandates this court to make that determination.
[3] The old standard of wanton and willful misconduct must be abandoned as to licensees, yet we do not choose to adopt the exception enunciated in Christensen v. Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., supra. In Miniken v. Carr, 71 Wn.2d 325, 428 P.2d 716 (1967), we were confronted with a "condition of the premises" case, and avoided the harsh standard of wanton misconduct by classifying the plaintiff as a business-invitee. However, we noted that it was not necessary to rest our determination on the invitee-licensee distinction alone. In Miniken we went beyond the Christensen exception and favorably cited the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342, which provides:
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to licensees by a condition on the land if, but only if,
(a) the possessor knows or has reason to know of the condition and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such licensees, and should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, and
(b) he fails to exercise reasonable care to make the condition safe, or to warn the licensees of the condition and the risk involved, and
(c) the licensees do not know or have reason to know of the condition and the risk involved.
Subject to a wide variety of qualifications, this now represents the general rule in an overwhelming number of jurisdictions. See Modern Status of Rules Conditioning Landowner's Liability Upon Status of Injured Party as Invitee, Licensee, or Trespasser, Annot., 32 A.L.R.3d 508 (1970). We recognize that this rule is broader than the Christensen exception in that it applies to any unreasonable risk as opposed to an extraordinary concealed peril. However, this does not impose a duty on the landowner to act as an insurer for the benefit of his licensees. We are not requiring that the occupier either prepare a safe place, or that he affirmatively seek out and discover hidden dangers. What we do impose is a duty to exercise reasonable care where there is a known dangerous condition on the property and the occupier can reasonably anticipate that his licensee will not discover or realize the risks. Under these circumstances, the landowner can fulfill his duty by either making the condition safe or by warning his licensee of the condition and its inherent risks. 32 A.L.R.3d, supra at 517. Under this rule, as herein enunciated, a comparative negligence instruction shall be given whenever warranted by the facts of the particular case.
Having abandoned a standard of wanton misconduct as to licensees, we must now determine whether the new rule adopted herein should apply to the instant case, or prospectively only. The defendants contend that any changes should have prospective effect only, since the instruction proposed by the plaintiff did not correctly state the Christensen exception. We believe better logic dictates otherwise.
[4] The plaintiff's proposed instruction would impose a duty upon occupiers to warn licensees of any dangerous defect, and to maintain their premises in a reasonably safe condition. We recognize that this goes beyond both the Christensen exception and the second Restatement of Torts. However, this is not a situation where a party's instruction was refused because it contained a confusing or misleading statement, or was not supported by sufficient evidence. See Juneau v. Watson, 68 Wn.2d 874, 416 P.2d 75 (1966). In the instant case, both parties presented theories which were diametrically opposed. The trial court was forced to incorporate one of the two theories into the entire set of instructions. It is apparent from reading the statement of facts and the addendum to the statement of facts that the trial court rejected the plaintiff's theory in total, and would not have accepted any instruction which expounded that position, regardless of how counsel had articulated her position. Our prior decisions did indicate that future revision of the law was imminent, yet those decisions did not specify precisely what that change would be. Therefore, the plaintiff attempted to formulate what he believed to be a proper instruction on the theory of reasonable care under the circumstances in light of this court's opinions, the decisions from other jurisdictions, and the works of various legal writers. It would be unreasonable to deny her the fruits of her labor merely because the change we ultimately decided upon was not identical to that proposed. To impose such a burden upon attorneys could only serve to stifle original and progressive thought. We have not chosen to do so in the past and we will not do so now. See Miller v. Kennedy, 85 Wn.2d 151, 530 P.2d 334 (1974).
In conclusion, we adopt the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342, supra, and insofar as Steele v. Thorne, 72 Wn.2d 714, 435 P.2d 544 (1967), is inconsistent with this holding, it is hereby overruled.
The judgment entered upon the verdict is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial pursuant to this opinion.
STAFFORD, C.J., and FINLEY, ROSELLINI, HAMILTON, WRIGHT, UTTER, and BRACHTENBACH, JJ., concur.
I agree the assignments of error directed to instructions given embodying the willful, wanton injury rule are reviewable. I also agree we should now adopt as the correct rule of liability of a possessor of land, the rule as formulated in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342 (1965). To avoid any misunderstanding on issue of reviewability, something further should be briefly stated.
Defendants contend the errors assigned are not reviewable (1) because no exceptions were taken to the instructions given and (2) because plaintiff's proposed instruction No. 2, was an incorrect statement of the reasonable care rule with respect to licensees for which plaintiff contended. The apparent basis for the latter contention is the proposed instruction required both a duty to warn of the dangerous condition on the premises and a duty to use reasonable care to maintain those premises in a reasonably safe condition. The duty is, however, in the alternative only. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342 (1965); Miniken v. Carr, 71 Wn.2d 325, 329, 428 P.2d 716 (1967) ("the condition must either be repaired or warning given.")
If the sole error assigned had been the court's refusal to give proposed instruction No. 2, the assignment would not have been well taken because the court was clearly correct in refusing to give that instruction even on plaintiff's own theory. A court does not err in refusing to give an incorrect instruction. Provins v. Bevis, 70 Wn.2d 131, 422 P.2d 505 (1967); Robillard v. Selah-Moxee Irrigation Dist., 54 Wn.2d 582, 343 P.2d 565 (1959); Knight v. Pang, 32 Wn.2d 217, 201 P.2d 198 (1948). Indeed, had the court given the erroneous instruction requested, defendants might properly have assigned error thereto, claiming prejudice.
Here, however, although there was a literal failure to comply with CR 51(f) in not taking formal exceptions to the instruction given, nevertheless, that fact must be viewed in context. The parties had already discussed in some detail with the court the plaintiff's reason for contending the willful, wanton injury rule then prevailing should be abandoned and the reasonable care rule as set forth in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342 (1965) should be the rule to apply. When, therefore, the court asked if any party intended to take exceptions, the court then knew the plaintiff's position. Furthermore, when plaintiff took his exceptions to the failure to give proposed instruction No. 2, it was apparent that plaintiff had not abandoned his position that the willful, wanton injury rule should be displaced by the reasonable care rule. Plaintiff's counsel stated:
once the plaintiff shows evidence of a dangerous condition . . . the court then should instruct, not on wanton misconduct, but on reasonable conduct under the circumstances, so plaintiff thus takes exception to the court's failure to adopt that theory. We have cited the cases of Miniken v. Carr and Maher v. Voss, which we believe incorporates the theory I have just previously discussed.Miniken v. Carr, supra, to which counsel referred, was intended to incorporate the theory "previously discussed." Miniken v. Carr which cited Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342 (1965), made it plain the duty to warn was an alternative to the duty to use reasonable care to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition. The court therefore had an opportunity to correct the instructions he intended to give, even though he was not required to give proposed instruction No. 2 in the form submitted. The error was accordingly reviewable.
UTTER and BRACHTENBACH, JJ., concur with HOROWITZ, J.