Opinion
No. 03-97-00769-CR
Filed February 11, 1999
Appeal from the District Court of Caldwell County, 274th Judicial District No. 97-174, Honorable Thomas Kenyon, Judge Presiding.
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Rendered in Part.
Erick A. Bovik, for Appellant.
Charles R. Kimbrough, Criminal District Attorney, for State.
Before Justices JONES, B. A. SMITH and YEAKEL.
Appellant Billy Doyle Medford appeals from the trial courts denial of his motion to suppress evidence and his subsequent conviction for the offenses of felony escape and possession of cocaine in an amount less than one gram. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.06 (a)(1), (c)(1) (West 1994); Tex. Health Safety Code Ann. § 481.112 (a), (b) (West Supp. 1998). The jury found that appellant had five prior felony convictions as alleged in the enhancement paragraphs of the indictment. Pursuant to the habitual felony offender statute, the jury assessed punishment for the cocaine possession at 20 years' imprisonment and life imprisonment for the escape conviction. The trial court ordered the sentences to run concurrently. In this appeal, Medford claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence and by submitting to the jury improper definitions of "custody" and "under arrest" in the escape charge; he also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his escape conviction. We will affirm in part and reverse and render in part the trial-court judgment.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.42 (a)(2), (d) (West Supp. 1998).
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Shortly before midnight on March 31, 1997, Lockhart Police Officer Beau Price was patrolling in a marked squad car near the intersection of Rosewood and San Saba Streets in Lockhart. That evening, Officer Price was looking for Ricky Reed, described as a black male of medium to heavy build and five feet ten or eleven inches tall, for whom a felony arrest warrant had recently been issued. Officer Price observed two people standing together near that intersection. As he drove past, he recognized one of them as Travis Branch, whom he knew to have a criminal history. The other was appellant, whom Officer Price testified as fitting the arrest warrants description of Ricky Reed. Officer Price turned around and drove back to the intersection. This time, he saw Travis Matthews and Jennifer Calderon, both of whom he recognized, standing with Branch and Medford. As Officer Price approached the group in his police car, Matthews and Calderon started walking east on Rosewood Street while Branch and Medford headed north on San Saba. Officer Price testified that when he got closer, Medford stepped off the street and began walking through the front yard of an adjoining residence.
Officer Price testified that he was not familiar with Ricky Reed; his suspicion that appellant might be Reed was based solely on the description provided by the arrest warrant.
Officer Price approached Medford and asked him his name. He testified that appellant was initially evasive but finally identified himself as "Michael Landry." However, Medford was unable to spell that name, and did not reply when asked his date of birth. At this point, Officer Raymond Baladez had arrived on the scene and was standing by in a backup position. Officer Price testified that the area was poorly lit and that he considered it to be a dangerous area after dark; he also knew the area was one in which crack cocaine deals took place at night, and that drug dealers often carry weapons. He decided to frisk Medford for weapons. As he was conducting a pat-down search of appellants outer clothing, Officer Price felt several small objects in appellants pants pocket. He testified that he asked appellant what was in his pocket, to which Medford replied: "Cigarettes and matches. You can look." Officer Price then asked appellant if he was giving him consent to look in his pocket, and Medford answered: "I told you you could look." Officer Price removed a pack of cigarettes and a matchbox from appellants pocket. He shook the matchbox and heard something rolling around inside. Upon opening the box, Officer Price saw several small rocks of what appeared to be crack cocaine.
At that point, Officer Price informed appellant that he was under arrest and instructed Medford to place his hands behind his back. Officer Price testified at trial that he touched Medford's left arm with his left hand and was about to handcuff him when Medford lunged free and began running south. Medford ran across the street, jumped a fence, and ran through neighboring yards with Officer Price in pursuit. After a lengthy chase, Officers Price and Baladez managed to subdue Medford and place him under arrest. Laboratory tests subsequently confirmed that the substance in the matchbox was crack cocaine.
Before trial, appellant moved to suppress the cocaine evidence, claiming that it was seized in violation of his constitutional rights. The judge at the suppression hearing denied appellants motion. A jury subsequently found appellant guilty of the offenses of escape and possession of cocaine.
Judge William Bender presided over the hearing on the motion to suppress, but Judge Thomas Kenyon presided over appellants trial.
On appeal, Medford presents four points of error. In his first two points, appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence, arguing that the evidence was obtained as the result of an illegal stop and search in violation of his rights under the United States and Texas constitutions. In his third point of error, Medford alleges that the court erred in including improper definitions of "custody" and "arrest" in the jury charge. Finally, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for escape.
DISCUSSION
Constitutionality of the Initial Detention and Terry Stop
In his first point of error, appellant claims that the stop and search violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling his motion to suppress evidence of the crack cocaine obtained as a result of that illegal stop and search. U.S. Const. Amend. IV. Appellants second point of error makes the same argument based on appellants rights under the Texas Constitution. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 9. Because appellant concludes in his brief that search and seizure law under article I, section 9 is interpreted by Texas courts consistent with the federal courts interpretation of Fourth Amendment law, we will address these points together.
In reviewing a trial courts ruling, an appellate court must first determine the applicable standard of review. The amount of deference a reviewing court affords to a trial courts ruling on a mixed question of law and fact often is determined by which judicial actor is in a better position to decide the issue. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) (citing Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104, 114 (1985)). If the issue involves the credibility of a witness, thereby making the evaluation of that witness demeanor important, compelling reasons exist for allowing the trial court to apply the law to the facts. See id. (citing Miller, 474 U.S. at 114). On the other hand, if the issue is whether an officer had probable cause to seize a suspect under the totality of the circumstances, the trial judge is not in an appreciably better position than the reviewing court to make that determination. See id. Therefore, although due weight should be given to the inferences drawn by trial judges and law enforcement officers, determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal. See id. (citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)). "[T]he legal rules for probable cause and reasonable suspicion acquire content only through application. Independent review is therefore necessary if appellate courts are to maintain control of, and to clarify the legal principles." Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87 (quoting Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 697).
In a motion to suppress hearing, the trial judge is the sole trier of fact, and he may choose to believe or disbelieve any or all of the witnesses testimony. See Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). Under Guzman, we must give great deference to the trial courts ruling to the extent that it involved an evaluation of the credibility of witnesses or an evaluation of their demeanor. Only Officers Baladez and Price testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress; appellant did not testify, and there was no contradictory evidence presented. Because the trial court overruled appellants motion to suppress, we will presume that the judge found the police officers testimony credible. However, we will review the issue of "reasonable suspicion" de novo. See Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87.
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. . . ." U.S. Const. Amend. IV. While appellant concedes that he consented to Officer Price's search of the matchbox the officer detected during the pat-down search, he argues that Officer Price did not have a reasonable suspicion to detain him during their initial confrontation. Appellant cites Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), in which the United States Supreme Court first defined under what circumstances a police officer may stop and frisk an individual without violating the Fourth Amendment:
[When] a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot and that the persons with whom he is dealing may be armed and presently dangerous, where in the course of investigating this behavior he identifies himself as a [police officer] and makes reasonable inquiries, and where nothing in the initial stages of the encounter serves to dispel his reasonable fear for his own or others safety, he is entitled . . . to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of such persons in an attempt to discover weapons which might be used to assault him.
Id. at 30. Officer Price admitted that he observed no suspicious behavior when he initially saw Medford. Appellant argues that under the Terry standard, Officer Price could not have reasonably concluded that criminal activity was afoot. The State responds that the initial confrontation was either a police-citizen encounter unprotected by the Fourth Amendment, see United States v. Hooper, 935 F.2d 484, 489-90 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1015 (1991), or that it was a proper Terry stop supported by Officer Price's reasonable suspicions.
The reasonableness of a temporary detention must be examined in terms of the totality of the circumstances and will be justified when the detaining officer has specific articulable facts that, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, lead him to conclude that the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity. See Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 38 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). When a police officer has an articulable, reasonable suspicion that someone may be involved in criminal activity, he may stop that person for investigation even though he does not have probable cause to arrest him. See Ponder v. State, 713 S.W.2d 178, 181 (Tex. App. — Austin 1986), aff'd, 745 S.W.2d 372 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). The reviewing court may consider the totality of the circumstances, even facts of seemingly innocent behavior, in order to determine the validity of the stop. See United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8 (1989); Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 38. The legality of a Terry-type frisk on appeal is judged by the "reasonable officer" standard: would the facts available to the officer at the moment warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate? See Terry, 392 U.S. at 21-22.
We need not consider the States argument that the initial confrontation between Officer Price and Medford was a "police-citizen encounter" unprotected by the Fourth Amendment because we believe that, under the totality of the circumstances, Officer Price had reasonable suspicion to briefly detain Medford for questioning. Officer Price testified that Ricky Reed was believed to live in the vicinity of where he encountered Medford, and that a warrant for Reed's arrest had recently been issued. Officers Price and Baladez both testified that Medford generally resembled the warrants description of Reed. Furthermore, Medford was with Travis Branch when Officer Price initially saw him, and Officer Price knew that Branch had a criminal history. Finally, Medford stepped off the street and began walking through a yard when Officer Price approached him. These articulated facts support Officer Price's decision to question Medford because they reasonably led him to suspect that appellant might be a wanted felon. See United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 n.2 (1981) ("Of course, an officer may stop and question a person if there are reasonable grounds to believe that person is wanted for past criminal conduct."); Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 38 (temporary detention will be justified when the detaining officer has specific articulable facts and rational inferences that lead him to conclude that the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity); Ponder, 713 S.W.2d at 181-82 (sufficient justification for stop and frisk existed when: (1) appellants physical appearance matched description broadcast over police radio, (2) he approached a police officer at fast walk with his hand covered, and (3) a sheriffs deputy had been reported missing). Under these circumstances, we cannot say that Officer Price violated appellants constitutional rights when he attempted to determine if Medford was Ricky Reed by approaching appellant to take a closer look at him and ask him his name.
We also conclude that the Terry search of appellants outer clothing was constitutional. Officer Price testified that he stopped appellant because he resembled the warrants description of Ricky Reed. As Officer Price circled back in his car after initially spotting Medford and Branch, he saw them walk away from two other individuals. When Officer Price approached Medford, appellant stepped off the street and started walking away through a yard. Upon being asked his name, appellant gave Officer Price a name that he was unable to spell; he also refused to give his date of birth. The stop took place late at night in a poorly lit area that was a frequent location for crack cocaine deals. Finally, as Officer Price testified, drug dealers often carry weapons. See Hall v. State, 928 S.W.2d 186, 188 (Tex. App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd) ("Firearms have become the "tools of the trade for narcotics dealers."). We conclude that under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable police officer in Officer Price's position would have sufficient grounds to fear for his own safety to justify frisking appellants outer clothing for weapons.
Appellant relies heavily on Officer Price's "admission" that Medford wasn't acting in a suspicious manner when he initially observed him, arguing that the detention was therefore not justified under Terry. This argument is flawed because it focuses on a single moment in time instead of the entire sequence of events. As the above recitation indicates, Officer Price approached appellant because he resembled the warrant description of Ricky Reed. It was at that point that appellant began acting in a manner that can be objectively described as suspicious by (1) trying to avoid Officer Price, (2) evidently lying about his identity, and (3) refusing to give his date of birth. The fact that appellant wasn't acting suspiciously when he was initially seen by Officer Price is not outcome-determinative; Officer Price was entitled to briefly question appellant to determine if he was Ricky Reed.
Appellant complains that the only articulable facts in this case that support the stop were that Medford was a black man of medium to heavy build in a drug-dealing area who stepped into a yard. This ignores the reason Officer Price initially detained appellant: that Medford generally fit the arrest warrants description of Ricky Reed. In his brief, appellant states:
It is interesting to note that Officer Price allowed Travis Matthews, a person whom he suspected had a criminal history, to walk away, and that he chose to stop Appellant, whom he had no reason to believe had any criminal history at all, rather than stop Travis Branch, whom he knew had a criminal history. We can infer, therefore, that the criminal histories of those present were not relevant to Officer Price that evening.
(Emphasis original.) This analysis ignores Officer Price's testimony that he initially detained Medford to determine if he was Ricky Reed. It is entirely logical that Officer Price would detain the only person of the four whom he did not know and who resembled Ricky Reed, instead of detaining someone that he knew was not Ricky Reed.
Finally, appellants argument that Officer Price admitted to an unconstitutional practice by acknowledging that he "always conduct[s] pat-down searches when he encounters somebody on the street at night" is misleading. A review of the hearing transcript reveals that Officer Price made the above statement in the context of explaining that he protects himself during Terry stops of suspicious persons at night by conducting a pat-down search. The transcript testimony does not indicate that Officer Price has a practice of randomly frisking every person he passes on the street at night, as appellant argues by taking the above statement out of context.
Appellant has not pointed to anything in the record that would allow us to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by crediting the officers testimony that Medford fit the description of Ricky Reed. Furthermore, the facts articulated by Officer Price at the suppression hearing support the conclusion that he had reasonable suspicion to frisk appellant as part of a valid Terry stop. Appellants constitutional rights had not been violated when he gave Officer Price consent to examine the matchbox that was found to contain cocaine. The first and second points of error are overruled.
Escape Conviction Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his fourth point of error, appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of evidence to convict him of escape. In conducting a legal sufficiency review, we determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 159 (Tex.Crim. App. 1981). The elements of escape are that a person (1) escape (2) from custody (3) after having been arrested for, charged with or convicted of an offense. See Henderson v. State, 600 S.W.2d 788, 789 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979). Appellant argues that the evidence adduced at trial did not legally establish that he escaped from custody while he was under arrest for an offense.
The escape statute reads, in pertinent part: "A person commits the offense of escape if he escapes from custody when he is . . . under arrest for, charged with, or convicted of an offense." Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.06 (a)(1) (West 1994).
"Escape" is statutorily defined for purposes of chapter 38 of the Penal Code as "unauthorized departure from custody," and "custody" is defined as "under arrest by a peace officer or under restraint by a public servant pursuant to an order of a court." See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.01 (1), (2) (West 1994). Article 15.22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure states that a person is arrested when he has been actually placed under restraint or taken into custody. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 15.22 (West 1977). Thus, in order to sustain appellants conviction, we must find that Medford had been placed under restraint or taken into custody at the time he fled from officers Price and Baladez.
We observe that using the definitions from both the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure results in somewhat circular reasoning: a person is in custody if he is under arrest or under restraint, and a person has been placed under arrest if he has been placed under restraint or taken into custody. Nevertheless, the Court of Criminal Appeals has employed article 15.22's definition of arrest in the context of resisting arrest. See White v. State, 601 S.W.2d 364, 365 (Tex.Crim.App. 1980). As with escape, that offense is also subject to the definitions provided in section 38.01. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.03 (West 1994).
The State argues that actual, physical restraint is not a prerequisite to a showing of custody, citing Harrell v. State, 743 S.W.2d 229, 231 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). The State also posits that an "oral pronouncement of arrest by a police officer to a suspect, with or without any evidence of physical restraint, is sufficient to establish the element of custody, if a reasonable person in the suspects position would have believed he was not free to leave." For this proposition, the State relies on Morris v. State, 739 S.W.2d 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987) and Gilbert v. State, 787 S.W.2d 233 (Tex. App. — Fort Worth 1990, no pet.). For reasons we will discuss, we believe that neither proposition is a valid statement of the law as applied to this case.
The issue in Harrell was whether a prisoner transferred to a hospital out of medical necessity retained the legal status of arrestee for purposes of determining whether he was in "custody" under section 38.06 (a). Before entering the hospital, Harrell was told that he was still under arrest and in custody, and that if he ran away from the hospital he would be treated as if he had escaped from jail. Harrell ignored that admonition and drove to Florida with another patient and a local woman. See Harrell, 743 S.W.2d at 230.
The Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Harrell's conviction for escape. The court stated: "We now hold that actual, physical "hands-on restraint is not a prerequisite to a showing of custody in the context of the offense of escape. Rather, it is important to look at the legal status of the individual at the time of the escape." See id. at 231. Examining Harrell's legal status, the court held that Harrell remained under arrest while at the hospital. See id. Because Harrell was still "in custody" regardless of his physical location, it held that the court of appeals had erred in focusing on the fact that Harrell was not under any kind of physical restraint while at the hospital. See id.
As the Harrell court recognized, the issue of what constitutes an initial arrest was not before the court in that case. See Harrell, 743 S.W.2d at 231. However, that is precisely the issue in the present case: whether a person who has been stopped for questioning and who then flees prior to being handcuffed has escaped from "custody" under section 38.06 (a). Because Harrell only instructs that physical restraint is not a necessary prerequisite to continuing custody after an arrest and conviction, that rule is inapplicable to the present case.
We next examine the proposition that a person is under arrest or in custody for the purpose of escape if a reasonable person in the position of the arrestee would have believed that he was not free to leave. In Morris, the defendant was appealing his conviction for theft; he had not been charged with escape. The court of appeals found that, after being arrested but before being searched, the appellant committed the felony offense of escape by running from the police officer who arrested him. See Morris v. State, 696 S.W.2d 616, 619 (Tex. App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1985), aff'd, 739 S.W.2d 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). The intermediate court concluded that since Morris's escape in the presence of the police officer provided probable cause for the second arrest, the evidence seized subsequent thereto was properly admitted. See id.
A divided Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. The three-judge plurality looked to United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 (1980), which held that a person has been "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. See id. at 554. The plurality then applied the Mendenhall test for "seizure" to the issue of whether a person is "in custody" for purposes of committing the offense of escape. See Morris, 739 S.W.2d at 66. However, as the dissent observed:
[W]hen we treat an offense based on a statutorily defined element of "custody," resort to decisions construing the meaning of "seizure" in the Fourth Amendment is not likely to solve the problem. . . . [W]hether a person was "seized" is merely a threshold inquiry in determining a claim that an intrusion upon his liberty or privacy occurred without particularized and objective justification required in the circumstances to render the "seizure" reasonable. Therefore, a "seizure" for purposes of the Fourth Amendment does not necessarily equate with "custody" within the meaning of [the escape statute]. So, federal decisions relied on by the majority do not dictate our construction of a state statute in which the critical component is "custody," not "seizure."
Id. at 67 (Clinton and Miller, JJ., dissenting).
Two courts of appeals have cited Morris and used the Mendenhall test to determine that an appellant committed the offense of escape. See Johnson v. State, 838 S.W.2d 906, 907-08 (Tex. App. — Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref'd); Gilbert v. State, 787 S.W.2d 233, 236 (Tex. App. — Fort Worth 1990, no pet.). However, a majority of the Court of Criminal Appeals has never embraced the view advanced by the Morris plurality. This Court has discussed Morris and questioned the soundness of equating seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes with the statutory definition of "arrest" in the context of escape or resisting arrest. See Schrader v. State, 753 S.W.2d 733, 735 n. 1 (Tex. App. — Austin 1988, pet. ref'd). We have also held that the term "custody" in the escape context clearly implies a degree of physical limitation, restraint, or control. See Lawhorn v. State, 843 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex. App. — Austin 1992), aff'd, 898 S.W.2d 886 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995).
Common sense does not support the idea that a person is "in custody," in the context of the offense of escape, when a reasonable person would not feel free to leave. As appellants counsel urged at oral argument, a reasonable person might not feel free to leave if a police officer telephoned him at home and instructed him to remain there. Adopting the State's definition of "custody" would lead to the conclusion that a person in that situation would commit the offense of escape simply by departing his home. This result is not compelled either by the statutory definition of "custody" or by controlling case law.
The unfeasibility of the State's position is further demonstrated by the fact that a person detained for investigation during a Terry stop may be "seized" for Fourth Amendment purposes without having been arrested. A person in that position is therefore not in "custody" as defined by section 38.01(1)(A). Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.01(1)(A) (West Supp. 1998).
We also find Morris distinguishable on its facts. In Morris, the detention took place in the controlled space of a probation officer's office; the appellant sat in a chair and was questioned by the arresting officer after being told he was under arrest. Morris decided to flee only after discussing the impact of his arrest on his probation. The arresting officer did not handcuff Morris because he did not have handcuffs with him and presumably he did not feel the need to subdue Morris any further when Morris was sitting in a chair in the probation office, surrounded by the police officer and the probation officer. The factual circumstances of Morris are similar to those in Harrell because in both cases, the appellant had been placed under arrest and was in a situation in which enough control was being exerted over him that further physical restraint was not believed to be necessary. In the present case, however, custody had not clearly been established when Medford fled, since Officer Price was unsuccessful in his attempt to handcuff Medford immediately after a Terry encounter that took place on a public street.
For these reasons, we believe that Gilbert v. State, 787 S.W.2d 233 (Tex. App. — Fort Worth 1990, no pet.) was wrongly decided. In Gilbert, the appellant and a young female passenger were observed in a parked car by police officers Solomon and Riddle in an area in which vehicles were prohibited. Both officers ordered the driver to stop after the car began to pull away. As Officer Solomon approached the vehicle, he saw the female passenger pulling up her panties and blue jeans; she exclaimed to Solomon, "he made me do it" and told the officer that she was eleven years old. Officer Solomon then directed Gilbert to stand by the car, where he was ordered into a spread-eagle position, searched, and advised that he was under arrest. However, Gilbert refused to be handcuffed and fled into a nearby park. See Gilbert, 787 S.W.2d at 234-35.
The Fort Worth Court of Appeals upheld Gilbert's conviction for escape. See id. at 236. The court adopted the Morris plurality's rule that a person is under arrest or in custody for purposes of the escape statute if a reasonable person in the defendants position would have believed that they were not free to leave. See Gilbert, 787 S.W.2d at 236. The Gilbert court also repeated the statement from Harrell that "[a]ctual, physical "hands-on restraint is not a prerequisite to a showing of custody in the context of the offense of escape." See id. (citing Harrell, 743 S.W.2d at 231). Because a reasonable person in Gilbert's position at the time Officer Solomon was attempting to handcuff him would not have believed that he was free to leave, the court reasoned, Gilbert was in custody and sufficient evidence existed to support his conviction for escape. See id.
Extending the Gilbert courts reasoning, Gilbert would have apparently been in "custody" at the moment the police officers approached his car and advised him to stop — even if they only shouted the warning across a parking lot — since a reasonable person in that situation would presumably not feel free to leave. However, this is precisely the type of situation contemplated by the offense of evading arrest. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.04 (a) (West 1994). We decline to expand Harrell beyond its facts or follow the Morris plurality in borrowing Fourth Amendment case law to define "custody" in the context of escape.
That section provides: "A person commits an offense if he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him." Id.
We believe that a better analysis is found in Snabb v. State, 683 S.W.2d 850 (Tex. App. — Corpus Christi 1984, no pet.). In Snabb, an airport security officer saw the defendant, whom he knew to be intoxicated, attempting to drive out of the parking lot. After pursuing Snabb on foot, the officer and his partner succeeded in stopping her. The officer told Snabb that she was under arrest and ordered her to gather her possessions, lock her car, and come with him. Snabb refused to cooperate and ran away in disregard of his command to stop, but was quickly apprehended. Based on this evidence, Snabb was convicted of escaping from the officers custody following arrest. See id. at 850-51.
We recognize that the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals expressly overruled Snabb in Johnson v. State, 838 S.W.2d 906 (Tex. App. — Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref'd), cited above. However, the Johnson court did so after the Morris plurality disavowed Snabb in a footnote. See Johnson, 838 S.W.2d at 908; Morris, 739 S.W.2d at 64 n.2. Johnson also followed Morris in using the Mendenhall test to define the point of arrest for escape purposes. See Johnson, 838 S.W.2d at 907-08. Because we reject this approach, we believe that the Snabb analysis remains correct.
The court of appeals reversed, noting that "the offense of escape occurs after having been arrested, not before the arrest is complete. Id. at 851 (emphasis original). The court cited to Smith v. State, 219 S.W.2d 454 (Tex.Crim.App. 1949), which held:
An arrest of a person carries with it an element of detention, custody or control of the accused. The mere fact that an officer makes the statement to an accused that he is under arrest does not complete the arrest. There must be custody or detention and submission to such arrest.
Id. at 456. Applying this standard, the court found that Snabb had not been arrested when she fled. While she apparently committed the offense of evading arrest, she had not been charged with that crime. Because the evidence was insufficient to show that Snabb had escaped from an arrest or from custody, the court ordered her acquittal. See Snabb, 683 S.W.2d at 853.
Two resisting arrest cases are also helpful to our determination of whether Medford was arrested or in custody when he fled. In White v. State, 601 S.W.2d 364 (Tex.Crim.App. 1980), the arresting officer had drawn his pistol, placed the defendant in a spread-eagle position against a horse trailer, and was preparing to handcuff him when White turned around and kicked the officer in the groin. See id. at 365. The court affirmed White's conviction for resisting arrest and noted that the arrest was taking place at the time of the appellants action. See id. at 366. The facts of Schrader v. State, 753 S.W.2d 733 (Tex. App. — Austin 1988, pet. ref'd) are similar. In that case, two peace officers were preparing to arrest Schrader in a restaurant parking lot for public intoxication after ejecting him from the restaurant. Schrader accompanied one officer to a point near the restaurant while the other officer called to determine if there were any outstanding warrants for Schrader's arrest. After learning that there was an outstanding arrest warrant, the officer informed Schrader that he was under arrest and attempted to handcuff him. Schrader resisted by hitting, kicking, and biting one of the officers in a brief struggle. See id. at 733-34.
On appeal, Schrader argued that his assault on the officers while they were attempting to handcuff him could not constitute resisting arrest because his arrest was complete when he submitted to their authority in the parking lot. Instead, he claimed, the assault was an attempt to escape from custody. See id. at 734. This Court rejected Schrader's attempt to define the phrase "effecting an arrest" using Fourth Amendment standards. First, we noted the different purposes behind the Fourth Amendment and the resisting arrest statute: the former was designed to protect citizens privacy interests, while the latter was enacted to protect police officers attempting to carry out their duties. See id. While agreeing that Schrader's arrest was "complete" with his detention in the parking lot, for some purposes of the law, we held that the officers were still effecting his arrest when he assaulted them at the point near the restaurant. See id. at 737.
At Medford's trial, there was some dispute about whether Officer Price had made contact with appellant's arm when he attempted to handcuff him. Officer Price testified at the suppression hearing that his right arm was free when he reached for the handcuffs with his left hand; he described Medford as being "within touching distance" at the moment Medford fled. However, at trial he testified that his left hand was on Medford s left arm as he reached for his handcuffs. Price further testified that as he grabbed Medford's left wrist in an attempt to secure him, Medford "went down and lunged and ran south. . . ." This account of an actual touching or grabbing differs from that given by Officer Baladez, who testified both at the suppression hearing and at trial that Medford started to put his hands to his side (free of any touching) when he fled, lunging between Baladez and the police car.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, as we must, we must accept as true Officer Price's testimony that he was touching Medford's wrist or arm just before Medford fled. However, we cannot say that the State carried its burden of establishing that Medford had been placed under restraint or taken into custody; by his own account, Officer Price attempted to gain physical control of Medford but was unsuccessful. While Medford apparently committed the offense of evading arrest, see Tex. Penal Code Ann. art 38.04 (West 1994) ("A person commits an offense if he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him"), the State elected not to charge him with that offense. By its pleading charging Medford with escape, the State assumed the burden of proving a completed arrest. Because the evidence viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution shows that Officer Price never succeeded in securing custody and control of appellant, the State did not satisfy that burden. We find the evidence of escape legally insufficient and sustain appellants fourth point of error.
Jury Instructions on the Offense of Escape
Having found the evidence of escape legally insufficient, we need not address the remaining point of error. However, in the interest of judicial economy, we will address the final point to avoid the potential of reconsidering the issue on remand. In his third point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by providing improper definitions in the jury charge. At Medford's trial, the following definitions were included in the jury charge:
"Escape" means unauthorized departure from custody. "Custody" means under arrest by a peace officer. You are instructed that an arrest occurs when the arrestee has been actually placed under restraint or taken into custody by a peace officer; however, actual, physical, hands-on restraint is not a prerequisite to a showing of custody in the context of the offense of Escape. Pursuant to our law, a person is under arrest or in custody, for the purpose of the statutory offense of Escape, if a reasonable person in the position of the arrestee would have believed that he was not free to leave.
Defense counsel objected to the italicized portions of the jury instructions, arguing that under Texas law, a person must be physically restrained or in custody to be "under arrest." The trial court overruled appellants objections.
The trial court should provide the statutory definition for any term that is statutorily defined. See Watson v. State, 548 S.W.2d 676, 679 n.3 (Tex.Crim.App. 1977); Nguyen v. State, 811 S.W.2d 165, 167 (Tex. App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, pet. ref'd). The unitalicized text above consists of statutory definitions. The definitions of "custody" and "escape" are taken from the definitions section of the chapter of the Penal Code in which the escape statute appears; "arrest" is defined in article 15.22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.01(1)(A), (2) (West Supp. 1998); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 15.22 (West 1977). The issue presented is whether the trial court erred by adding the italicized text in the jury instructions on the offense of escape. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.06 (a)(1) (West 1994).
Appellant notes that the phrase "actual, physical, hands-on restraint is not a prerequisite to a showing of custody in the context of the offense of escape" is derived from Harrell v. State, 743 S.W.2d 229, 231 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). As discussed above, Harrell is not instructive on the facts of the present case because that case did not involve the issue of whether an initial arrest was completed. Furthermore, we have observed that the term "custody" in the escape context clearly implies a degree of physical limitation, restraint, or control. See Lawhorn v. State, 843 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex. App. — Austin 1992), aff'd, 898 S.W.2d 886 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995). We therefore hold that the above instruction was improper in the present case.
We next examine the jury instruction that "a person is under arrest or in custody, for the purpose of the statutory offense of Escape, if a reasonable person in the position of the arrestee would have believed that he was not free to leave." As noted above, this instruction is derived from the plurality opinion in Morris v. State, 739 S.W.2d 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). We have rejected Morris's rule that Fourth Amendment "seizure" case law should govern the definitions of "under arrest" and "custody" in the escape context. However, independent of this analysis, we conclude that the instruction was erroneous. The Mendenhall rule, that a person has been seized for Fourth Amendment purposes if a reasonable person in the position of the arrestee would have believed that he was not free to leave, was modified by the United States Supreme Court in California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621 (1991). Hodan D. held that, in addition to the above requirement, an arrest requires either the application of physical force or submission to a show of authority. See id. at 626. Since the jury instruction at issue in the present case was based on Mendenhall and not Hodari D., there was error in that portion of the jury charge regardless of whether we are correct in determining that Fourth Amendment law should not govern the definitions of "in custody" and "under arrest" in the escape context.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals adopted Hodari D. in Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995), and determined that the Texas Constitution does not extend beyond the federal seizure standard in that context.
When error is preserved by proper objection to the courts charge, a reversal is required upon a showing of some harm to the accused as a result of the error. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985) (op. on reh'g). The instruction "actual, physical, hands-on restraint is not a prerequisite to a showing of custody in the context of the offense of escape" allowed the jury to convict upon a definition of custody that does not apply in the context of an initial apprehension. Similarly, the Morris-Mendenhall instruction allowed the jury to find that appellant was "in custody" if a reasonable person would have felt that he was not free to leave; thus, the jury was permitted to find appellant guilty of escape without determining that Officer Price had established control over him at the moment Medford fled, as Texas law requires. Therefore, we cannot say that the errors in the jury charge were harmless. Finally, in the event that Fourth Amendment seizure law is held to apply in the escape context, giving an instruction based on Mendenhall was harmful because the jury was not required to find either the additional facts of either (1) application of physical force or (2) submission to a show of authority, as Hodari D. requires. Appellants third point of error is sustained.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court properly refused to suppress evidence of the cocaine that appellant claims was seized in violation of his constitutional rights, and we affirm appellants conviction for cocaine possession. However, we find the evidence legally insufficient to support appellants conviction for felony escape absent a showing that the arrest had been completed before appellant fled. We reject the application of Harrell in the context of an initial apprehension. The evidence shows that Medford was not in custody when he fled. Therefore, we reverse appellants conviction for escape and render a judgment of acquittal on that charge.
In the interest of judicial economy, we have also addressed appellants third point of error and conclude that the jury was improperly instructed in this case because the jury charge relied on the same propositions we rejected in sustaining appellants legal sufficiency challenge. However, the charge was also erroneous for the independent reason that Mendenhall, on which a portion of the charge was based, was replaced by Hodari D. in determining what constitutes a "seizure" for Fourth Amendment purposes. Should the Court of Criminal Appeals determine that our disposition of the legal sufficiency point is erroneous, we would reverse and remand the cause to the trial court for a new trial on the offense of escape because of the harm caused by the erroneous jury instruction.