Opinion
May Term, 1900.
John L. Wells, for the appellant.
Homer R. Scoville, for the respondent.
William McGahey, the plaintiff's intestate, was injured, it is claimed, by a collision between one of the defendant's cars and a wagon in which he was riding, on the 31st day of December, 1896. On January 4, 1897, in consideration of a small sum of money, he executed and delivered to the defendant a general release, duly acknowledged, releasing the defendant from all liability by reason of the collision. Attached to the release, however, is a bill against the company for damages to the wagon only, made out in the sum which is named as the consideration in the release. He afterwards commenced an action to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by him in the collision, which action was reached for trial in December, 1898, and as a condition of an adjournment applied for by the defendant, the defendant was required by the court to give, and did give, a written stipulation providing, among other things, as follows:
"2. That in case of the death of said plaintiff before the trial of this action, the plaintiff's cause of action shall survive and not abate, and any or all provision or provisions of the law which are in force in the State of New York at the present time, or at the time of the trial of this action, to the effect that this action, being an action for damages for personal injuries, does not survive the death of the plaintiff, are hereby expressly waived by the defendant herein, and the defendant herein, the Nassau Electric Railroad Company, hereby expressly stipulates that this action, in the event of the death of the plaintiff herein before its trial, shall survive, and that it shall continue with the same force and effect, and shall be governed on the trial by the same rules of law and evidence, as if the plaintiff were alive at the time of such trial, or as if the action survived by operation of law.
"3. That the plaintiff shall in such an event be allowed to serve a supplemental complaint alleging the death of the plaintiff, and the appointment and qualifications of his personal representatives, and such other facts as may be necessary to revive and continue the action.
"4. That in such an event the defendant herein shall be confined in its pleadings to an answer substantially identical with the answer in this action, that is, setting up a general denial and contributory negligence, and not setting up any affirmative defence. And it is hereby especially stipulated by the defendant therein that in such an event, viz., the death of the plaintiff herein before the trial of this action, the settlement and release heretofore mentioned in connection with this action as having been made in January, 1897, or at any other time by the plaintiff herein, shall not be pleaded or proven upon the trial (or trials) of this action by the defendant herein."
Among the recitals in the stipulation preceding the terms of the stipulation is the following: "And, whereas, the plaintiff, on said. December 16, 1898, raised serious objections to any further postponement of the trial of this case on the ground, among other things, that it appeared that the plaintiff was likely soon to die, and in the event of his death this action would abate; and in case of the abatement of this action a new action would be necessary, with new pleadings, in which event the said alleged release could be pleaded by the defendant. And the court, Mr. Justice JESSE JOHNSON presiding, having decided to postpone the trial of this case provided the defendant would stipulate with the plaintiff through his attorneys, that in case of the death of the plaintiff before the trial of this action, this action should continue in the name of the personal representative of said plaintiff with the same force and effect, and under the same pleadings (except the service of a supplemental complaint setting up said death), and the same rules of law and evidence as if said plaintiff had lived and were alive at the time of the trial or trials or hearings on appeal of this action."
Before the trial of his action, viz., on the 5th day of January, 1899, William McGahey died, and the plaintiff was substituted as his administratrix. The action was thereupon tried and resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff of $6,000. The defendant appealed to this court from the judgment, and the judgment was reversed unless the plaintiff stipulated to reduce the recovery to $3,500. ( McGahey v. Nassau Electric R.R. Co., 42 App. Div. 626.) The plaintiff made the necessary stipulation, and the judgment was duly paid and satisfied.
Thereafter the plaintiff commenced this action for the purpose of recovering the pecuniary damages sustained by the next of kin of William McGahey, on the theory that his death was occasioned by the accident. The appeal raises many questions involving the sufficiency of the proof, and especially as to whether the death of McGahey was sufficiently traced to the collision; but a discussion of these questions is unnecessary, inasmuch as we are of the opinion that the first action, and the recovery and payment of the judgment therein, operate to bar the present action. In other words, we regard the effect to be the same as though McGahey had recovered and collected the first judgment in his lifetime. The object and effect of the stipulation was to keep him alive in law, for the purpose of the recovery, notwithstanding he was in fact dead; and, therefore, the recovery is to be regarded as if had in his lifetime, as, indeed, it was in contemplation of law by virtue of the stipulation. That a recovery during the lifetime of the injured party would be a bar to a subsequent action for the benefit of the next of kin was determined by the Court of Appeals in the case of Littlewood v. Mayor ( 89 N.Y. 24), where it was expressly held that when a person who was injured by the wrongful act, neglect or default of another brings suit and recovers damages for the injury in his lifetime, in case death subsequently results from the injury, his personal representatives cannot maintain an action under the act of 1847 (Chap. 450, Laws of 1847). The court held that the act was not intended to impose a double liability, but simply to give a right of action where a party, having a good cause of action for a personal injury, was prevented by death resulting from such injury from enforcing his right or omitted in his lifetime so to do. Judge RAPALLO said (p. 27): "There can be no doubt that the Legislature had power to create the double liability contended for, nor would it necessarily involve any inconsistency. The damages of the party injured are different and distinguishable from those which his next of kin sustain by his death, and no double recovery of the same damages would result. But it is equally clear that the Legislature might give to the representatives the statutory right of action, only as a substitute for the damages which the deceased was prevented by his death from recovering, and the question now is, what was their intention in this respect?
"The language of the act plainly indicates, I think, that the framers had in view the common-law rule, `actio personalis,' etc., and that their main purpose was to deprive the wrongdoer of the immunity from civil liability afforded by that rule. The entire gist of the first section is that the wrongdoer `shall be liable to an action for damages notwithstanding the death of the person injured and though the death shall have been caused under such circumstances as amount in law to a felony.' It does not provide that the wrongdoer shall be liable notwithstanding that he shall have satisfied the party injured, or notwithstanding that the latter has recovered judgment against him, or notwithstanding any other defense he might have had at the time of the death, but merely that the death of the party injured shall not free him from liability; showing that this is the point at which the statute is aimed."
After an examination of the authorities in England under Lord Campbell's Act, and in this State under our act, Judge RAPALLO reaches the conclusion in relation to our statute (p. 32) that "the act has made an important change in the common law, in affording a remedy in cases where the death would have protected the wrongdoer against any recovery whatever; and in holding it applicable to such cases only, we think that all is accomplished that the Legislature intended."
In view of this decision and the reasoning upon which it is based, it would be profitless to comment upon the numerous cases cited in the respondent's elaborate and exhaustive brief, determined in States which allow two actions for the tort committed, one to recover the damages sustained by the injured party, and the other to recover the damages sustained by his next of kin. It is sufficient that in this State but one action is allowed, and that a recovery for the damages sustained by the injured party, or payment of such damages and a release in accord and satisfaction, will bar and prevent a recovery on behalf of the next of kin. If the statutory right of action given to the representatives of the injured party is "only as a substitute" for "damages which the deceased was prevented by his death from recovering," the "main purpose" which the Legislature had in view being only to deprive the wrongdoer of immunity for the wrong which he has occasioned, and the remedy is "applicable to such cases only" as would otherwise have "protected the wrongdoer against any recovery whatever," it necessarily follows that the right of action given by statute does not exist where the injured party either receives his damages by voluntary payment, or succeeds in recovering and collecting them at law, and, whether this be actually accomplished in his lifetime, or by means of a stipulation which permits it to be done after his death to the like effect as though he were still alive. Nor is there any force in the respondent's contention that the legal result of the stipulation is to place the plaintiff in the same position as she would occupy if the two causes of action were allowed in this State. The object of the stipulation was to revive and continue the existing action in case of the death of the then plaintiff before trial, and not to create a new action and to impose an additional liability which was inconsistent, under the laws of this State, with the maintenance of the action in which the stipulation was given, and which would not have existed had the case proceeded to trial at the time the adjournment was moved. This not only follows from the presumption that the stipulation was made in conformity with the laws of this State rather than with those of other jurisdictions, but from the precise language of the stipulation itself. It was made because of and to meet the "serious objections" to the postponement urged by the plaintiff on the ground that in the event of his death the action would abate, and a "new action would be necessary, with new pleadings, in which event the said alleged release could be pleaded by the defendant." The court exacted the stipulation in order to give to the representatives of the plaintiff, should he die before trial, the option of continuing the action which he had commenced, and thereby avoiding the necessity which would otherwise exist of instituting a new action, that is to say, the statutory action, for the benefit of his next of kin, to which the release executed by him could be pleaded, and in which it might prove to be an insuperable bar. The value of the stipulation is quite apparent without regarding it as making provision for two actions. The plaintiff might die after the adjournment and before trial, from some other cause than the accident, in which case there could be no action under the statute, while his action would necessarily abate and terminate, and as a consequence all recovery would be prevented. The stipulation avoided such a result, and this was its undoubted purpose. On the plaintiff's death his representatives were at liberty to revive and continue the action which he had commenced, or if his death chanced to be occasioned by the accident they could have abandoned that suit and instituted one under the statute, at their election. They could not do both. On the other hand, it is very evident that the plaintiff's construction of the scope and effect of the stipulation is illogical and unreasonable, and is not to be gathered from either the situation or the language employed. By it she would have her decedent regarded at the time of the first recovery as both alive and dead; alive for one purpose, and dead for another; alive for his own benefit and the recovery of the damages which he had sustained by the wrong complained of, and dead for the benefit of his next of kin, and the recovery of the damages which the statute authorizes in their behalf. We give to the stipulation that construction which is in harmony with the law of the State, and consonant to the evident understanding and agreement of the parties.
The judgment and order should be reversed.
All concurred.
Judgment reversed and complaint dismissed, with costs.