Opinion
(September Term, 1896.)
Election Law — Constitutional Law — Jurisdiction of Justices of Supreme Court — Supervising Superior Court Clerks — Declaring Result of Election — Duties of Clerk.
1. Sec. 7 of ch. 159, Acts of 1895 (election law), conferring on the judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts general supervisory jurisdiction over clerks of the Superior Courts in the performance of their duties under such law, with power to issue rules on such clerks, and on the hearing thereof to make summary orders and directions for the proper enforcement of the law, is not in conflict with the Constitution, and is valid. (AVERY, J., dissents, arguendo.)
2. The duties of a clerk of the Superior Court under the election laws of 1895, in tabulating the result of the election and declaring the result, are ministerial; and it is his duty to count all returns received through the regular channels unless it appears on their face that they are not in fact the returns from the precincts as they purport to be, in which case he should not count them until directed by a judge of the Supreme or Superior Court.
This was a proceeding under section 7 of chapter 159, Laws 1895, to restrain the defendant Clerk of Superior Court of MECKLENBURG from tabulating and counting the election return from Pineville Township, Precinct No. 2, on the ground of alleged irregularities, intimidation, etc., heard before Hon. D. M. FURCHES, one of the judges of the Supreme Court.
W. R. Henry for plaintiff.
Burwell, Walker Cansler and Clarkson Duls for defendant.
His Honor, in rendering his judgment, filed the following opinion:
"Upon a full consideration of this matter, I am of the opinion that the restraining order heretofore granted should be vacated and the motion for an injunction should be denied. But, in thus holding, I do not find that there had been no irregularities, intimidations or frauds committed on the election in Precinct No. 2, Pineville Township. It is not (667) necessary that I should undertake to decide these questions, nor do I think that I have the power to do so in this proceeding. My opinion is that registrars and judges of election should be residents of the precinct for which they are appointed. But when they are regularly appointed the law presumes they are rightfully appointed and that they are residents of the precincts for which they have been so appointed. If they are not, the law provides the means by which they may be legally tried and judicially determined.
No citizen or voter has the right to take the matter in his own hands, and by fraud, violence, intimidation or other unlawful means attempt to correct such mistake, if one has been made. If this were allowed, free elections and free governments would soon be at an end.
No citizen has the right to undertake to correct such mistake, if one has been made, by officiously running the township lines "and filing his report with the Board," acting in discharge of their duties as registrars or judges of election.
And if any person, by such acts or by threats of violence, or threats of indictment or other lawful means, did intimidate said registrars or judges, and by such means did interfere with them in the lawful discharge of their duty as such registrars or judges, they have violated both the criminal and civil law of the State, and in my opinion neither the State nor the individuals who may have been injured thereby are without remedy. But it is not in this proceeding.
I am in full sympathy with what I understand to be the spirit and meaning of the election law of 1895 — a free and fair election and fair and honest count. And while I would not consider it my duty to sustain every technical objection that might be made to the manner of executing this law, if I saw that substantial justice had been done and (668) a fair expression of the qualified voters had been obtained I would feel it my duty to exert all the powers I have to prevent fraud and intimidations of any kind. But it seems to me, from the affidavits filed in this proceeding, that this trouble has probably arisen from the fact that two negroes were appointed registrars in this township. And while it is not for me to say whether they should have been appointed or not (and I do not say whether they should or should not have been appointed), I do say that under the Constitution and laws of this State the negro is a legal elector and is entitled to accept and hold the office of judge or registrar of elections and to exercise and perform the duties appertaining to the same; and the time has passed (if it ever existed) in North Carolina when he can be illegally interfered with and prevented from discharging his duties as such officer on that account. But it is my opinion that the duties of a clerk, in tabulating the vote of an election and in announcing the result, are ministerial duties, and that it is his duty to tabulate and compute all such votes as come to him through the regular channel prescribed by law, unless it shall appear upon the return itself that it is in fact not the return of said precinct for which it purports to be. In such case he should refuse to count it unless he shall be directed to do so by an order of a judge of the Superior or Supreme Court. Upon an examination of a certified copy (not objected to by the plaintiff) of the return of the election in this precinct to the defendant, I can not say that it contains such inherent and patent defects as would have authorized the clerk to reject it under the rule I have stated; and this being so it was his duty to tabulate and count the same.
Therefore the restraining order heretofore granted in this (669) case is vacated and the motion for a permanent injunction is denied. The defendant, J. M. Morrow, will at once proceed to count said vote as the law directs, and the same as if no restraining order had been issued in this proceeding. The defendant will recover his costs of the plaintiff, McDonald. This 9 November, 1896.
D. M. FURCHES, Associate Justice of Supreme Court, N.C.
From this judgment plaintiff appealed to the full bench.
This is an appeal by plaintiff from the rulings, findings and judgment of FURCHES, J., in a proceeding instituted before him under chapter 159, Laws 1895, known as the "Election Law." And upon consideration of the case on appeal the Court, without any division, are of the opinion that the rulings and opinion of the Court below are correct and should be affirmed, if the Court had the jurisdictional power to entertain and decide the matter. This being so, we adopt the opinion of the Court below as the opinion of this Court for the discussion of the matters of fact and law involved, except as to a constitutional question raised on the argument by a member of the Court.
There is no question, but that the act in plain and unmistakable terms, authorized any Judge of the Superior Court or Justice of the Supreme Court to do what was done by one of the Justices of the Supreme Court in this proceeding. This is admitted.
But it is contended that this act is unconstitutional and void; if not void in toto, that it is at least unconstitutional and void so far as it relates to the Justices of the Supreme Court. And as we (670) understand, Article IV, secs. 2, 8, 11 and 12 are relied on as sustaining the contention that it is unconstitutional; that the Legislature had no power to pass the act giving to Judges and Justices of the Supreme Court any such jurisdiction, and the act, or that part of it, is void for this reason.
Congress legislates by virtue of the powers granted in the Constitution of the United States, and can not or should not legislate outside of these granted powers. But the powers of the Legislature of North Carolina are just the reverse of the powers of Congress. The powers of the Legislature are inherent, being derived from the people whom it represents, and it has the power to pass any proper act of legislation that it is not prohibited from passing by the Constitution. It then necessarily follows that, unless the Legislature is prohibited by the Constitution from passing this act, it had the power to do so.
Article IV, sec. 2, of the Constitution of North Carolina is as follows: "The judicial power of the State shall be vested in a court for the trial of impeachments, a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, courts of justices of the peace, and such other courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law."
Article IV, sec. 8, provides that the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review upon appeal any decision of the courts below. And the jurisdiction of said Court over issues of fact, and questions of fact, shall be the same they were before the Constitution of 1868. And it shall have power to issue any remedial writs necessary to give it a general supervision and control over the proceedings of the inferior courts.
The eleventh section provides that the Judges of the Superior Courts shall reside in the districts for which they are elected, and shall (671) preside in the courts of the different districts, etc., without prescribing any duty they are to perform.
The twelfth section provides "the General Assembly shall have no power to deprive the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdiction which rightfully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the government; but the General Assembly shall allot and distribute that portion of this power and jurisdiction which does not pertain to the Supreme Court among the other courts prescribed in this Constitution, or which may be established by law in such manner as it may deem best; provide also a proper system of appeals, and regulate by law when necessary, the methods of proceeding in the exercise of their powers of all the courts below the Supreme Court, so far as the same may be done without conflict with other provisions of this Constitution."
These are the provisions of the Constitution relied on, as we understand, to maintain the contention that this act is unconstitutional. We must confess our inability to see it.
The second section certainly does not do so. It refers to the whole judicial power as a coordinate department of the Government, and in doing so it refers to the courts mentioned in the Constitution, and such other courts inferior to the Supreme Court, as may be established by law. But it does not undertake to distribute this power among the courts. There is no prohibition in this section. The eighth section establishes the Supreme Court as a court of appeals. It does not in terms prohibit it from exercising other jurisdiction. But it has been so construed, and we do not wish to question this construction. But the Constitution is speaking of it as an organized court. It can not be speaking of the individual members of the court, as they possess no appellate jurisdiction. A single member of the Supreme Court has no (672) more right to hear and determine a case on appeal to the Supreme Court than a justice of the peace would have. It is therefore manifest to our minds that this section of the Constitution, when it speaks of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, means the Supreme Court and not a single member of the Court. Thus understanding this section, we find nothing in it to prohibit the Legislature from giving this jurisdiction to a single member of the Supreme Court "as a court established by law inferior to the Supreme Court," as provided for in sec. 12, Article IV of the Constitution. And why not give a single member of the Supreme Court jurisdiction of this matter, as well as to give him jurisdiction to issue writs of habeas corpus, to issue warrants for persons charged with crime, to discharge persons on bail, as judges of the Superior Court may do, to take probate of deeds and the private examination of married women? Code, sec. 949. There is no appellate jurisdiction in this, and yet it is being done every day, and has been for a hundred years. We have an unbroken line of authorities where members of this Court have issued writs of habeas corpus, as in Prue v. Hight, 51 N.C. 265, where PEARSON, C. J., issued the writ, and by request RUFFIN and BATTLE sat with him on the hearing and concurred in the judgment. In re Bryant, 60 N.C. 1; In re Guyer, 60 N.C. 66; In re Grantham, 60 N.C. 73; In re Dollahite, 60 N.C. 74; In re Ritter, 60 N.C. 76, and many other cases which might be added.
As we have seen that this matter does not fall within that provision of sec. 8, Article IV, constituting the Supreme Court a court of appeals, there is just the same reason for declaring it unconstitutional to give it to a Judge of the Superior Court as there is in giving it to a single member of the Supreme Court, as there is nothing in the Constitution (673) that assigns it to them, and they have no power to act in the matter, except the authority given by this legislation. And if it can not be given to a Justice of the Supreme Court, or to a Judge of the Superior Court, to whom can it be given?
Is it true that we are living in a popular government depending upon free and fair elections, and have a Constitution that prohibits the Legislature from authorizing a Judge or a Justice of the Supreme Court to investigate alleged irregularities of the election officers? If this were so, elections would become a farce and free government, a failure. But fortunately for the people and the government, in our opinion this is not true, and fair and honest elections are to prevail in this State.
The Legislature, as has been already stated, has given Justices of the Supreme Court the right to take the acknowledgment of deeds and the private examination of married women. This Court has decided that these are judicial acts. White v. Connelly, 105 N.C. 65; Turner v. Connelly, ibid., 72. If it is unconstitutional to authorize Justices of the Supreme Court to investigate the regularity of election officers, why is it not unconstitutional to take acknowledgement of deeds and private examinations of married women?
But it is said they are not litigated. And, if this is so, what has that to do with the investment and exercise of a judicial power? But if the judicial acts of taking the acknowledgement of deeds and private acknowledgment of married women are not litigated judicial matters, and this makes any difference (and we fail to see that it does), how is it with regard to writs of habeas corpus? They are almost always litigated. Within the last two years this Court has had two cases that we (674) remember — both claims to infant children, and both hotly litigated. Latham v. Ellis, 116 N.C. 30; in the matter of D'Anna, 117 N.C. 462.
It has been the uniform rule of this Court, so far as we remember, to sustain the constitutionality of the Legislature to pass any act unless it plainly appears to be in violation of the Constitution. Sec. 4, Article IX, of the Constitution provides that "the net proceeds that may accrue to the State from sales of estrays, or from fines, penalties and forfeitures, shall be sacredly preserved as a school fund, and for no other purpose whatsoever."
Sec. 3841 of The Code gives one-half of the recovery to the standard keeper, and sec. 3842 gives the whole recovery to the party suing for the penalty. And this Court, in Sutton v. Phillips, 116 N.C. 502, sustained these sections, and held them to be constitutional. Clark, J., in delivering the opinion of the Court in Sutton v. Phillips, uses this language: "While the courts have the power, and it is their duty in a proper case to declare an act of the Legislature unconstitutional, it is a well-recognized principle that the Court will not declare that this coordinate branch of the government has exceeded the powers vested in it, unless it is plainly and clearly the case. If there is any reasonable doubt, it will be resolved in favor of the lawful exercise of them by the representatives of the people."
Sec. 27 of Article IV of the Constitution expressly limits the jurisdiction of justices of the peace in civil actions to $200 on contract, and $50 when not on contract; and in criminal cases where the fine can not exceed $50 or imprisonment for thirty days. But in a case where a justice had sentenced a defendant in a bastardy proceeding, which has been held by this Court to be a criminal offense ( S. v. Wynne, 116 N.C. 981; S. v. Ostwalt, 118 N.C. 1208), and sent the (675) defendant to the workhouse for a term of twelve months to work out the fine, costs, and allowance to the mother, this Court (AVERY, J., delivering the opinion) held this judgment of the justice of the peace to be constitutional. S. v. Nelson, post, 797.
Then taking it to be settled law in this State that it must plainly appear that the act is in violation of the Constitution or its constitutionality will be sustained, we deem it not improper to state that this is the fourth case that has been before the Court at this term demanding a construction of this statute (the election law of 1895); that these cases have been argued for the defendants by such gentlemen of the bar as E. B. Jones, of Winston; T. F. Davidson, of Asheville; Walker, Duls and Maxwell, of Charlotte; J. S. Manning, of Durham, and James E. Shepherd, of Raleigh. And it never occurred to either of these gentlemen that this act is unconstitutional. We say it never occurred to them because they never made or discussed any such question before us; and we are satisfied that, had it occurred to them, they would in the interest of their clients, have done so. We do not mention this fact for the purpose of contending that, because they did not make the point, the Court should not consider the question and decide it to be unconstitutional if it clearly appeared to be so; but as a reason why it can not plainly appear to be unconstitutional, as the watchful, vigilant, trained legal eye of some, and most likely of all of them would have discovered this fatal infirmity in the plaintiff's case. They are not the gentlemen to allow such legal questions to lie around them in plain view without seeing them. The mistake the gentlemen make who contend that this act is unconstitutional, is that they fail to distinguish the difference between a single Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Supreme (676) Court as an organized body. We have in this opinion marked the line of distinction, which in our opinion relieves this act of the charge of being unconstitutional. The Constitution and the Legislature are dealing with the Supreme Court as an appellate court, and the justices as individual members of the Court.
The jurisdiction of the Court being determined, it is suggested that the act of 1895 is unconstitutional, in that it authorizes the taking of the office of judge of election from one person and the giving of it to another. And the leading case of Hoke v. Henderson, 15 N.C. 1, is cited as authority for this position.
Since overruled, Mial v. Ellington, 134 N.C. 131.
Without entering into an extended discussion of this question it is sufficient to say that the doctrine enunciated in Hoke v. Henderson does not apply to this case or that of Harkins v. Cathey, ante, 649. In that case Henderson was appointed clerk, when the law at the time of his appointment gave it to him for life, or during good behavior. In 1832, and while Henderson was still in possession of this office, the Legislature passed an act giving the election to the people, and under this law Hoke was elected. Henderson refused to vacate and Hoke brought suit for the office, and the Court held that the defendant was entitled to hold the office.
This decision is put on the ground that as the law stood at the time Henderson went in he had a life tenure — a property in the office — which could not be taken from him by subsequent legislation. But in Harkins v. Cathey, supra, the parties wrongfully appointed by the clerk, Cathey took whatever they had under the act of 1895, and subject to its provisions, one of which was that the Court had the right to supervise the appointments of the clerk.
This being the case, this provision of the statute entered into (677) and became a part of the contract or terms under which they accepted these offices to the same extent as if it had been an express stipulation between the parties. McCless v. Meekins, 117 N.C. 34, and authorities there cited. This distinguishes it from Hoke v. Henderson.
So, after a full investigation of this important questions, we are led to a satisfactory conclusion that the act is constitutional and that the judgment should be affirmed.
AFFIRMED.