Opinion
Crim. No. 279.
April 19, 1913.
PETITION for Writ of Habeas Corpus.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
H. A. Massey, for Petitioner.
Ray E. Nimmo, Acting City Prosecutor, for Respondent.
Petitioner's restraint arises from her arrest upon a charge of violating section 85 of what is known as the Tenement House Act. (Laws 1911, p. 860.) This section provides:
"No building hereafter constructed as or altered into a tenement house shall be occupied in whole or in part for human habitation until the issuance of a certificate by the health department, or other department by municipal ordinance designated for that purpose, that said building conforms in all respects to the requirements of this act relative to the light and ventilation and sanitation of tenement houses hereafter erected, nor until the issuance by the building department or other department by municipal ordinance designated for that purpose of a certificate that said building conforms in all respects to the requirements of this act relative to fire protection of tenement houses hereafter erected."
There is no question presented as to the sufficiency of the affidavit of complaint, nor any matter involving a construction of such section, petitioner relying solely upon two propositions, namely: 1. That the act is an improper exercise of the police power; and 2. That it is in effect class legislation in that it improperly discriminates between petitioner and her property and other citizens and their property, both of whom are similarly situated before the law. Upon this application, therefore, we confine ourselves strictly to a discussion of these two propositions. This Tenement House Act possesses various features, some of which have reference to the manner of construction of houses designated as tenement houses, obviously to protect such houses and others in the vicinity thereof from ravages by fire. Another feature has in view sanitary conditions sought to be established through provisions affecting regulations to that end; this for the protection and preservation of the public health. Other provisions relate to lights, stairways, courts, etc., having in view the safety of those who may enter or occupy the same. Generally speaking, all of the provisions, conditions, and restrictions imposed by said act relate to matters affecting public health, safety, and the public welfare. The police power deriving its existence from the rule that the safety of the public is the supreme law, justifies legislation upon matters pertaining to the public welfare, the public health, or the public morals. (Cooley on Constitutional Limitations, 7th ed., sec. 830.) Legitimate business, as well as those things which are nuisances per se, is subject to control if such control is necessary for the preservation of the public health and welfare. "When a health law is challenged in the courts as unconstitutional on the ground that it arbitrarily interferes with personal liberty and private property, without due process of law, the courts must be able to see that it has at least, in fact, some relation to the public health; that the public health is the end naturally aimed at, and that it is appropriate and adapted to that end." ( Ex parte Lacey, 108 Cal. 330, [49 Am. St. Rep. 93, 38 L.R.A. 640, 41 P. 411].) The observations above made in reference to public health apply with equal force to any matters affecting the public safety and welfare. The Tenement House Act in question, as was said in the case last cited, fairly and fully fills the requirements of the law, its every aim and purpose being to provide for the safety, health, and welfare of those who may thereafter occupy such tenements. That such laws should be reasonable is well established, as is the proposition that such reasonableness will be presumed unless the contrary be shown. Nor does the fact that the section above referred, to gives to certain officials authority to determine questions relative to compliance with the law render the act invalid. It will not be presumed that such authority will be exercised wantonly or for purposes of profit or oppression. ( Ex parte Fiske, 72 Cal. 126, [13 P. 310].)
With reference to the second objection urged, our supreme court in In re Zhizhuzza, 147 Cal. 334, [ 81 P. 955], has quoted with approval this proposition: A law is general which applies to all of a class, where the classification is proper, and if the act imposes duties and obligations upon all persons who stand in the same relation to the law, its uniformity is established. Are tenement houses of such character as to render them proper for classification? Tenement houses, like hotels, are a distinctive class of structures, designed for housing large numbers of persons, none of whom are responsible for or able to control the manner of construction, either as to provisions for safety or otherwise. Those abiding therein have no opportunity to observe or guard against dangers incident to defects. Most frequently are they situated in congested districts of a municipality where dangers from fire are imminent. These and various other reasons which might be suggested influence us in determining that a classification of such structures is permissible, and reasonable regulations in furtherance of the police power, which apply equally to all of a class, render the act in question uniform; and this classification may extend and may be confined to houses of the character thereafter to be constructed or occupied. To say otherwise would be to wrest from the state the right to correct evils impending because perchance other evils of like character are not corrected. The principle would be to destroy the right to regulate the erection of houses within fire limits, unless such restrictions should apply to all houses within such limits. We do not regard County of Los Angeles v. Hollywood Cemetery Assoc., 124 Cal. 344, [71 Am. St. Rep. 75, 57 P. 153], In re Dondero, 19 Cal.App. 66, [ 124 P. 884], and other cases cited by petitioner, as establishing the doctrine claimed by her. Those cases deal with matters entirely different in character from those the subject of this act, and the reasons upon which those decisions are based do not appeal to us as controlling in this particular case. We are of opinion, therefore, that this act is a reasonable exercise of the police power, at least, nothing as to its application to petitioner is shown to be unreasonable; that the classification with reference to houses of the character named thereafter to be constructed is proper, and that the legislation with reference thereto is not violative of the uniformity requirement of the constitution.
Writ denied.
James, J., and Shaw, J., concurred.