Summary
In Makowski, a three-year old girl had sustained four scars, each one-quarter to one-third of an inch long, which would improve somewhat and which were not very noticeable.
Summary of this case from Larry v. Commercial Union Ins. Co.Opinion
June 6, 1960 —
June 28, 1960.
APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Waukesha county: ALLEN D. YOUNG, Reserve Circuit Judge, Presiding. Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
For the appellants there were briefs by Glassner, Clancy Glassner of Milwaukee, and oral argument by William E. Glassner, Jr.
For the respondents Nancy H. Ehlenbach and Milwaukee Automobile Mutual Insurance Company, there was a brief and oral argument by Clayton A. Cramer of Waukesha.
For the respondent Hardware Mutual Casualty Company there was a brief and oral argument by Richard S. Hippenmeyer of Waukesha.
On January 9, 1958, the infant plaintiffs, Barbara and Ann Makowski, by guardian ad litem, brought action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained in an automobile collision which occurred on September 15, 1957. The girls' father also claimed medical expense and other special damages. One of the drivers and the insurers of both were the defendants. Liability was admitted, and the only issue at the trial was the amount of damages. The case was tried August 31, 1959.
Barbara, age two, and Ann, age three, were riding in one of the cars with their grandparents. Upon impact, they were thrown out of the car, and into a ditch. They bled profusely, and had bruises and scrapes on arms and legs. Both children were taken to a hospital and remained there until shortly after midnight when they were permitted to go home, their parents being instructed to wake them frequently to check on their condition.
There was testimony that Barbara was unconscious but regained consciousness approximately one-half hour after the collision while on the way to the hospital. She was unable to stand up the next morning, and it was determined that she had a "greenstick" fracture of the right tibia. A cylindrical cast was applied September 17th, extending from just below her knee to her toes, and she wore it for four to six weeks. She was unable to walk during that period, and limped for some three or four months after the cast was removed. When the cast was being removed, a vibrating instrument caused a "burn" on her leg. This left a thin, white scar approximately two and one-half inches long in such a location that it was apparently necessary for her shoe and sock to be removed in order to exhibit the Scar to the jury. Except for the scar, she suffered no permanent injury. There was testimony as to fright she evidenced at the hospital after the accident, and discomfort during the time she wore the cast. The jury awarded her $1,500.
Ann suffered lacerations near her mouth, and at the back of her head the skin was rubbed off, and there was a swelling. Seven sutures were required for the lacerations, and for a few days she experienced pain while eating because some of these cuts extended into. her mouth. The cuts healed except for scars in about one month. There was also testimony as to the fright she evidenced at the hospital, and soreness about her mouth.
The opinion of a plastic surgeon was received in evidence. He had examined Ann three months after the accident, and commented upon the appearance and coloring of the scars at that time. He said that the scars would improve except that there would be little, or no change in a "tattoo" appearance of one of them. "The only treatment to remove the tattoo area is actual surgical excision with subsequent wound closure." He estimated hospital and surgeon's fee for the operation at $215, and that an improvement of about 85 per cent might be expected. He said that the operation was not urgent, and could be done at any time. The expense for the operation was not included in the special damages awarded to the father.
The pink coloring in the scars gradually disappeared, and by May or June of 1958, they had the appearance which they stilt had at the time of trial. There were four small scars, from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, and they were evidently not very noticeable except for the discoloration of the tattoo scar referred to. The jury awarded Ann $2,000.
At the hearing on motions after verdict, the circuit court orally stated the damages were excessive. By order dated October 16, 1959, the court found as to each infant plaintiff that $1,000 was the lowest amount a fair and impartial jury would have awarded, and granted a new trial unless the infant plaintiffs consented to enter judgment for $1,000 as to each. The infant plaintiffs appealed.
1. Form of order. The order granting a new trial did not state that the damage awards were "excessive." Thus, it did not literally specify the statutory ground upon which it was apparently based. Sec. 270.49 (2), Stats.; Boughton v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. (1959), 7 Wis.2d 618, 620, 97 N.W.2d 401. The only motions by defendants appear to have been based upon a claim that the damages were excessive, and the court orally stated that they were excessive. Plaintiffs have not relied here upon any deficiency in the form of the order, and concede that it was based on a finding that the awards were excessive. Under these circumstances, we shall treat the order as if expressly grounded upon such a finding.
2. The standard to be applied in reviewing a jury verdict on damages. The problem of achieving fairness in assessing damages for personal injury is fraught with difficulty. Theoretical nicety is impossible. Under our judicial system, we rely primarily upon the good sense of jurors to determine the amount of money which will compensate an individual for whatever loss of well-being he has suffered as a result of injury. The general rule governing the trial judge or appellate court in determining whether damages are excessive on the basis of the amount found is stated in 15 Am. Jur., Damages. pp. 621, 622, sec. 205, quoted with approval in Bethke v. Duwe (1950). 256 Wis. 378, 384, 41 N.W.2d 277, as follows:
"In actions sounding in damages merely, where the law furnishes no legal rule for measuring them, the amount to be awarded rests largely in the discretion of the jury, and with their verdict the courts are reluctant to interfere. As shown elsewhere, a verdict may be set aside as excessive by the trial court or on appeal when, and not unless, it is so clearly excessive as to indicate that it was the result of passion, prejudice, or corruption, or it is clear that the jury disregarded the evidence or the rules of law. . . .
"Since it is for the jury, and not for the court, to fix the amount of the damages, their verdict in an action for unliquidated damages will not be set aside merely because it is large or because the reviewing court would have awarded less. Full compensation is impossible in the abstract, and different individuals will vary in their estimate of the sum which will be a just pecuniary compensation. Hence, all that the court can do is to see that the jury approximates a sane estimate, or. as it is sometimes said, see that the results attained do not shock the judicial conscience."
We should add to the statement just quoted that there are cases where the amount of an award may not indicate prejudice, perversity, or corruption, yet is too large to be supported by the evidence. Blong v. Ed. Schuster Co. (1956), 274 Wis. 237, 242, 79 N.W.2d 820; Blaisdell v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1957). 1 Wis.2d 19, 24, 82 N.W.2d 886. A jury may mistakenly assume (without supporting evidence) that there have been, or will be certain effects from an injury or fix compensation for sufficiently proved effects of injury at a figure which is beyond the range of reasonably debatable amounts. In a case where it is clear to the court that the amount awarded must necessarily reflect an allowance for the effects of injury not sufficiently proved or reflect a rate of compensation which is beyond reason, the court will declare the damages excessive. Where the question is a close one, it should be resolved in favor of the verdict.
If the jury awards to Barbara and Ann in the instant case were before us with the approval of the trial court, we would see no reason for setting them aside. Neither the amount nor any other circumstance indicates prejudice or perversity. Presumably, the jury's awards to both girls included some substantial amount for the frightening experience of the collision, and its immediate aftermath. Because they are little, the girls probably have lost, or will lose all conscious memory of the experience, but their suffering was real. In Barbara's case, the jury doubtless awarded some amount for the pain and discomfort of the broken leg, the discomfort of wearing the cast, the impairment of her activities because of the cast and the limp which existed for a time, and the scar on the lower part of her leg. In Ann's case, the jury must have included a substantial amount because of its appraisal of the effect the facial scars would probably have throughout her life, and the fact that one of them would be discolored and somewhat noticeable unless repaired at some expense and with some attendant discomfort. After considering the injuries and effects as disclosed by the record, the amounts awarded do not "shock the judicial conscience" as far as this court is concerned.
We do, however, have a different task, and must approach it from a different point of view because of the fact that the trial judge determined that the awards were excessive. The trial judge has an advantage over the appellate court in that he not only sees and hears the testimony, which we can only read from the transcript, but he also has the same, opportunity to observe the injured person as does the jury. In this case, for instance, he has seen the scars, and has his own opinion as to how serious their effect can reasonably be expected to be in the future lives of the infant plaintiffs. Because of the advantage of personal observation enjoyed by the trial judge, the rule has been evolved that where a trial court determines that damages are excessive, and orders a new trial for that reason, his order will be reversed and directions given by this court to enter judgment on the verdict only if we find an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court. Boughton v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., supra; Puhl v. Milwaukee Automobile Ins. Co. (1959), 8 Wis.2d 343, 350, 99 N.W.2d 163.
3. Damage award as to Barbara. In setting aside the jury's award of $1,500 for Barbara's injuries, the trial court found that $1,000 was the lowest amount a fair and impartial jury would have awarded. Since the evidence convinced the trial court that $1,000 was the lowest amount a fair and impartial jury would have awarded, it seems clear to us that an award of $1,500 cannot be said to shock the judicial conscience, reflect an assumption of unproved effects of injury, or reflect a rate of compensation beyond reason. We conclude that the trial court did not follow the correct rule in determining whether the damages were excessive. It is well known that the opinions of reasonable, well-informed, and honest people as to the amount to be awarded to compensate for injury will vary over a wide range, and it does not seem to us possible to say at one and the same time that $1,000 was the lowest amount which a jury would probably award for Barbara's injuries, and that $1,500 was excessive. Therefore, we conclude that the order for a new trial as to Barbara's claim should be reversed.
This order was entered before our decision in Powers v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1960), 10 Wis.2d 78, 102 N.W.2d 393, changing the standard as to the amount the plaintiff is to have the option to accept in lieu of a new trial.
4. Damage award as to Ann. This situation is somewhat different from the award as to Barbara. The difference between $1,000 fixed by the court as the lowest amount a fair and impartial jury would award, and the $2,000 awarded by the trial jury is substantial, both in amount and percentage. It should also be considered that a great part of the award was undoubtedly for the scars which the trial judge has seen, and we have not. Unlike the situation with respect to Barbara, we do not feel that we can say that the trial court applied the wrong rule, or abused its discretion in the action which it took.
As noted above, when the trial court issued its order for a new trial, and set the amount which Ann had the option to accept in lieu of a new trial, this court had not yet decided the Powers Case (1960), 10 Wis.2d 78, 102 N.W.2d 393. Therefore, plaintiff Ann has not had the benefit of the fixing of an option by the trial court at "such sum as the court shall determine is the reasonable amount plaintiff's damages." Powers v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, page 92. This figure may well be in excess of the figure which the court felt constrained by previous decisions of this court to fix at the least amount that an unprejudiced jury, properly instructed, would probably assess under the evidence. Therefore the trial court should determine the amount it considers a fair and reasonable award under the evidence, and should modify the option given to plaintiff Ann in its original order so that she shall have the option taking judgment for that amount with costs and disbursements in lieu of a new trial.
By the Court. — In so far as the order appealed from grants a new trial as to the damages sustained by Barbara Makowski, it is reversed, and cause remanded with instructions to enter judgment in her favor upon the verdict.
In so far as the order gives plaintiff, Ann Makowski, the option of accepting $1,000 as damages in lieu of a new trial, the order is reversed and cause remanded with instructions to insert in the option such sum as the court determines to be a fair and reasonable award under the evidence. In all other respects, the order is affirmed.
HALLOWS, J., took no part.