Summary
In Mackensworth v. American Trading Transp. Co., 367 F. Supp. 373 (E.D.Pa. 1973), Judge Edward R. Becker of this court lyrically held that the single act of taking on a load of cargo at a Pennsylvania port was sufficient to confer in personam jurisdiction over a shipping company.
Summary of this case from Inpaco, Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.Opinion
Cohens&sLore, Harry Lore, Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiff.
Krusen, Evans & Byrne, E. Alfred Smith, T. J. Mahoney, H. Wallace Roberts, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
EDWARD R. BECKER, District Judge.
The motion now before us has stirred up a terrible fuss.
And what is considerably worse, it has spawned some preposterous doggerel verse.
The plaintiff, a man of the sea,
after paying his lawyer a fee,
filed a complaint of several pages to recover statutory wages.
In nautical terms, the wage statute is stowed at § 594 of 46 U.S.Code.
The pleaded facts remind us of a tale that is endless.
A seaman whom for centuries the law has called "friendless"
is discharged from the ship before voyage's end
and sues for lost wages, his finances to mend.
The defendant shipping company's office is based in New York City,
and to get right down to the nitty gritty,
it has been brought to this Court by long arm service,
Long arm service is effected, not by stealth, but through the Secretary of the Commonwealth.
which has made it extremely nervous.
Long arm service is a procedural tool
founded upon a "doing business" rule.
But defendant has no office here, and says it has no mania
to do any business in Pennsylvania.
Plaintiff found defendant had a ship here in June '72,
but defendant says that ship's business is through.
Asserting that process is amiss,
it has filed a motion to dismiss.
Plaintiff's counsel, whose name is Harry Lore,
read defendant's brief and found it a bore.
Instead of a reply brief, he acted pretty quick
and responded with a clever limerick:
"Admiralty process is hoary
With pleadings that tell a sad story
Of Libels in Rem- The bane of sea-faring men
The moral:
Better personally served than be sorry."
Not to be outdone, the defense took the time
to reply with their own clever rhyme.
The defense counsel team of Mahoney, Roberts, & Smith
drafted a poem cutting right to the pith:
"Admiralty lawyers like Harry
Both current and those known from lore
Be they straight types, mixed or fairy
Must learn how to sidestep our bore.
For Smith, not known for his mirth
With his knife out for Mackensworth
With Writs, papers or Motions to Quash
Knows that dear Harry's position don't wash."
Overwhelmed by this outburst of pure creativity,
we determined to show an equal proclivity.
Hence this opinion in the form of verse,
even if not of the calibre of Saint-John Perse.
The first question is whether, under the facts,
defendant has done business here to come under Pennsylvania's long arm acts.
Designed to relieve the plaintiff's service burdens, Pennsylvania's latest long arm law may be found at § 8309 of 42 Purdon's.
If we find that it has, we must reach question two,
whether that act so applied is constitutional under Washington v. International Shoe.
That decision of the Supreme Court of Courts may be found at page 310 of 326 U.S. Reports. [66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95]
Defendant runs a ship known as the SS Washington Trader,
whose travels plaintiff tracked as GM is said to have followed Nader.
He found that in June '72 that ship rested its keel
and took on a load of cargo here which was quite a big business deal.
In order for extraterritorial jurisdiction to obtain,
it is enough that defendant do a single act in Pa. for pecuniary gain.
And we hold that the recent visit of defendant's ship to Philadelphia's port
is doing business enough to bring it before this Court.
We note, however, that the amended act's grammar
The words of the statute are overly terse, still we will quote them, though not in verse:
is enough to make any thoughtful lawyer stammer.
The particular problem which deserves mention
is whether a single act done for pecuniary gain also requires a future intention.
As our holding suggests, we believe the answer is no,
and feel that is how the Pa. appellate cases will go.
Further, concerning § (a)(3)'s "shipping of merchandise" the future intention doctrine has already had its demise.
See Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Industrial Pressing and Packaging (E.D.PA. 1973). Prospects for suit on a single goods shipment are decidedly greener because of the Aquarium decision of Judge Charles R. Weiner, holding that, in a goods shipment case no future intention is needed; the message of Aquarium we surely have heeded. Anyone who wishes to look Aquarium up can find it at p. 441 of 358 F.Supp.
We do not yet rest our inquiry, for as is a judge's bent,
we must look to see if there is precedent.
We thus reject the contention that one of the judicial vices is too much reliance on stare decisis.
And we found one written in '68 by three big wheels
on the Third Circuit Court of Appeals.
The case, a longshoreman's personal injury suit,
is Kane v. USSR,
and it controls the case at bar.
It's a case with which defendants had not reckoned,
and may be found at page 131 of 394 F.2d.
In Kane, a ship came but once to pick up stores
and hired as agents to do its chores a firm of local stevedores.
Since the Court upheld service on the agents,
the case is nearly on all fours,
and to defendant's statutory argument
Kane closes the doors.
Despite defendant's claim that plaintiff's process is silly,
there have been three other seamen's actions against defendant, with service in Philly.
And although they might have tried to get the service corrected,
the fact of the matter is they've never objected.
Berrios v. American Trading & Production Co. (AT&P) (defendant's predecessor), C. A. 68-47; Gibson v. AT&P, C. A. 68-1466. And in Battles v. AT&P., C. A. 73-102, in this very annum, service on the Secretary of the Commonwealth was authorized by Judge John B. Hannum.
We turn then to the constitutional point,
and lest the issue come out of joint,
it is important that one thought be first appended:
the reason the long arm statute was amended.
The amendment's purpose was to eliminate guess
and to extend long arm service to the full reach of due process.
See Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Industrial Presing & Packaging, supra, at 444.
And so we now must look to the facts
to see if due process is met by sufficient "minimum contacts."
See International Shoe v. State of Washington, supra, at 316.
The visit of defendant's ship is not yet very old,
and so we feel constrained to hold
that under traditional notions of substantial justice and fair play,
See id.
defendant's constitutional argument does not carry the day.
This Opinion has now reached its final border,
and the time has come to enter an Order,
which, in a sense, is its ultimate crux,
but alas, plaintiff claims under a thousand bucks.
So, while trial counsel are doubtless in fine fettle,
with many fine fish in their trial kettle,
we urge them not to test their mettle, because, for the small sum involved, it makes more sense to settle.
In view of the foregoing Opinion, at this time
we enter the following Order, also in rhyme.
ORDER
Finding that service of process is bona fide,
the motion to dismiss is hereby denied.
So that this case can now get about its ways,
defendant shall file an answer within 21 days.
(a) General rule.-Any of the following shall constitute "doing business" for the purposes of this chapter: ..... (2) The doing of a single act in this Commonwealth for the purpose of thereby realizing pecuniary benefit or otherwise accomplishing an object with the intention of initiating a series of such acts. (3) The shipping of merchandise directly or indirectly into or through this Commonwealth.
42 Pa. S. § 8309.