Summary
In Luick, the defendant, the plaintiff's divorce attorney, placed on the record on July 31, 1979, a settlement agreement to which the plaintiff had not consented. Luick, supra, p 805.
Summary of this case from Hayden v. GreenOpinion
Docket No. 64276.
Decided October 24, 1983.
Tucker, Barbour Mack (by Milton L. Mack, Jr.), for plaintiff.
William J. Rademacher, Pro Se.
In this legal malpractice action, plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of the trial court granting defendant's motion for accelerated judgment based on the expiration of the period of limitation.
Plaintiff's complaint alleged that he employed defendant in 1979 to act as his attorney in a divorce action; that on July 31, 1979, defendant placed on the record a settlement agreement to which plaintiff had not consented; and that the defendant failed to properly prepare for trial in the matter and, as a consequence, the settlement was extremely unfavorable.
On October 26, 1979, plaintiff discharged defendant and retained the services of another attorney who unsuccessfully attempted to have the consent judgment set aside at the trial court level. The trial court denied the motion on November 29, 1979. Plaintiff's appeal to this Court was similarly unsuccessful. Luick v Luick (Docket No. 47295, decided January 26, 1981 [unreported]). The Supreme Court denied his application for leave on July 28, 1981. 411 Mich. 1021 (1981).
On January 29, 1982, plaintiff commenced this action. Defendant moved for an accelerated judgment asserting that plaintiff's claim was barred by the statute of limitations. GCR 1963, 116.1(5). The trial court agreed and ruled that plaintiff's cause of action accrued when plaintiff discovered defendant's alleged malpractice prior to defendant's discharge in 1979. Therefore, the court held that the two-year period of limitation expired prior to the filing of plaintiff's complaint in 1982.
An action for legal malpractice must be brought within two years of the date the last service is performed or within six months after plaintiff discovers or should have discovered the existence of the claim, whichever is later. MCL 600.5805(4), 600.5838; MSA 27A.5805(4), 27A.5838; Goodwin v Schulte, 115 Mich. App. 402; 320 N.W.2d 391 (1982).
Plaintiff admits that defendant performed no services on his behalf after October 26, 1979, and that he was aware of defendant's misconduct in 1979. Nonetheless, plaintiff says his cause of action did not accrue until the Supreme Court denied his application for leave in the underlying divorce action. He claims that it was not until then that the nature and extent of the damages he suffered as a result of defendant's malpractice became fixed.
It is true, as plaintiff contends, that tort actions accrue only when all the necessary elements of a cause of action have occurred and can be alleged in a proper complaint. Connelly v Paul Ruddy's Equipment Repair Service Co, 388 Mich. 146, 150; 200 N.W.2d 70 (1972). Until a plaintiff suffers damages, a tort claim does not exist, cannot be asserted and, therefore, does not accrue so as to trigger the running of the statute of limitations. Connelly, supra, p 151.
It is, however, the fact of identifiable and appreciable loss, and not the finality of monetary damages, that gives birth to the cause of action. Although Michigan courts have not had occasion to decide when a legal-malpractice plaintiff's losses are sufficiently definite to trigger the statute of limitations where affirmative negligence is alleged, cf. Biberstine v Woodworth, 406 Mich. 275, 277; 278 N.W.2d 41 (1979) (negligence arising out of delay or inaction), the California Supreme Court has addressed the question. In Budd v Nixen, 6 Cal.3d 195; 98 Cal.Rptr. 849; 491 P.2d 433 (1971), it was alleged that defendant attorney caused plaintiff to incur personal liability in an earlier proceeding by handling plaintiff's defense in a negligent fashion. During the earlier action, plaintiff obtained a new attorney who unsuccessfully sought to avoid the consequences of defendant's actions at the trial court level and on appeal. In discussing when plaintiff's cause of action arose, the court stated the following:
Parisi v Michigan Twps Ass'n, 123 Mich. App. 512; 332 N.W.2d 587 (1983), does not provide an answer to the question now before us. In Parisi, termination of the underlying criminal proceedings in the plaintiff's favor was a necessary element of the civil cause of action for malicious prosecution. In this case, a cause of action for malpractice could well exist regardless of the outcome of post-judgment proceedings in the underlying case.
"The mere breach of a professional duty, causing only nominal damages, speculative harm, or the threat of future harm — not yet realized — does not suffice to create a cause of action for negligence. Hence, until the client suffers appreciable harm as a consequence of his attorney's negligence, the client cannot establish a cause of action for malpractice. Prosser states the proposition succinctly, `It follows that the statute of limitations does not begin to run against a negligence action until some damage has occurred.' (Prosser, Torts [4th ed], § 30, p 144.)
"The cause of action arises, however, before the client sustains all, or even the greater part, of the damages occasioned by his attorney's negligence. Any appreciable and actual harm flowing from the attorney's negligent conduct establishes a cause of action upon which the client may sue.
"Indeed, once having discovered his attorney's negligence and having suffered some damage, the client must institute his action within the time prescribed in the statute of limitations or he will be barred from thereafter complaining of his attorney's conduct." 6 Cal.3d 200-201; 98 Cal.Rptr. 852-853; 491 P.2d 436-437. (Citations and footnote omitted.)
In our opinion, the approach taken in Budd, supra, is consistent with the rules governing the accrual of actions with respect to other types of claims alleging tortious injury to the person, Connelly, supra, pp 151-152, and represents the most workable standard for determining when a plaintiff's cause of action accrues in a legal malpractice action.
In the present case plaintiff knew of his attorney's alleged misconduct shortly after his attorney entered into the consent judgment without plaintiff's approval. Plaintiff's complaint asserted that as a result of the defendant's actions, he suffered mental anguish and anxiety; was damaged by the loss of the use of his real and personal property from the time that the consent judgment was entered; and that he was required to retain substitute counsel to pursue post-judgment remedies. Based on the allegations of plaintiff's own complaint, he suffered identifiable and appreciable harm as a result of his attorney's alleged misconduct well in advance of the time that the Supreme Court denied his application for leave to appeal in the divorce action. Further, these damages occurred, in substantial part, prior to or at the time of defendant's discharge as counsel for plaintiff. At that point, plaintiff therefore both knew of the alleged malpractice and had sustained appreciable harm as a proximate result of it. Subsequent success in having the consent judgment set aside by the trial or appellate courts may have reduced future damages, but would not have eliminated prior losses or abolished plaintiff's cause of action. Because plaintiff both knew of the alleged malpractice and sustained identifiable and appreciable harm as a consequence thereof in 1979, his action commenced in 1982 was barred by the two-year statute of limitations.
The trial court correctly granted defendant's motion for accelerated judgment. The decision of that court is affirmed. Costs to appellee.