Opinion
May 3, 1993
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Suffolk County (Luciano, J.).
Ordered that the cross appeal is dismissed (see, Parochial Bus Sys. v Board of Educ., 60 N.Y.2d 539); and it is further,
Ordered that the order is affirmed insofar as appealed from; and it is further,
Ordered that the defendant is awarded one bill of costs.
The present lawsuit is another in a series of defamation actions commenced by the plaintiff, Kennett Love, a former journalist for The New York Times, against various authors and publishers who have discussed Love's conduct during the 1953 coup in Iran in which Prime Minister Mossadegh was overthrown and Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi was restored to the throne of Iran.
This action against the defendant, William Morrow and Company, Inc. (hereinafter Morrow) arises out of the publication by Morrow of a book entitled Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (hereinafter Presidents' Secret Wars), authored by John Prados. The entire suit is based on a single sentence in the book, and the context in which it appears, which makes reference to the plaintiff: "On the second day [of rioting] pro-Shah tank units, informed by New York Times reporter Kennett Love of weak guard forces at the premier's house, attacked Mossadegh's residence." Prados relied on a 1960 term paper written by Love for a graduate course at Princeton University, as quoted verbatim by author Jonathan Kwitny in the book Endless Enemies and in the September/October 1980 issue of Counter-Spy magazine, as the sources for this statement. Since Love has never denied the accuracy of the term paper's contents, the court properly dismissed the complaint based upon the defense of truth.
Truth is a complete defense to an action to recover damages for libel, regardless of the harm done by the statement (see, Bingham v Gaynor, 203 N.Y. 27; Jung Hee Lee Han v State of New York, 186 A.D.2d 536; Licitra v Faraldo, 130 A.D.2d 555; De Gregorio v CBS, Inc., 123 Misc.2d 491). Moreover, truth need not be established to an extreme literal degree (see, Yarmove v Retail Credit Co., 18 A.D.2d 790). Provided that the defamatory material on which the action is based is substantially true (minor inaccuracies are acceptable), the claim to recover damages for libel must fail (see, Rinaldi v Holt, Rinehart Winston, 42 N.Y.2d 369, 383, cert denied 434 U.S. 969; Jung Hee Lee Han v State of New York, supra; see also, Restatement [Second] of Torts § 581A, comment f, at 237).
Once a libel cause of action has been asserted by a private-figure plaintiff on a matter of public concern, such as is the case here, the burden is on the plaintiff to plead and prove that the words in suit are substantially false (see, Philadelphia Newspapers v Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 776; Rinaldi v Holt, Rinehart Winston, supra, at 379-380), and the New York courts will not hesitate to apply the ordinary rules of summary judgment when the plaintiff has not set forth sufficient evidentiary facts to generate a triable issue as to the falsity of a statement in issue (see, Immuno AG. v Moor-Jankowski, 74 N.Y.2d 548, 561, affg 145 A.D.2d 114, 127-128; Pollnow v Poughkeepsie Newspapers, 67 N.Y.2d 778; Rinaldi v Holt, Rinehart Winston, supra).
The plaintiff has not met his burden here. A comparison of the disputed language employed by Prados in Presidents' Secret Wars with the plaintiff's own words in his term paper for the Princeton graduate course demonstrates the "substantial truth" of Prados' words, rather than their falsity. That is so because when the appropriate inquiry is made, i.e., "whether the libel as published would have a different effect on the mind of the reader from that which the pleaded truth would have produced" (Fleckenstein v Friedman, 266 N.Y. 19, 23), it can be concluded that the effect would be the same in all important respects. The reader realizes from both accounts that Love spoke to pro-Shah tank commanders on the day of the coup and, as a result, the tank commanders went to Mossadegh's residence, where they attacked.
We also find that the court properly dismissed the plaintiff's claim that the defendant violated the applicable standard of care in publishing the statement. The appropriate standard of review is that enunciated by the Court of Appeals in Chapadeau v Utica Observer-Dispatch ( 38 N.Y.2d 196, 199): "[W]here the content of the article is arguably within the sphere of legitimate public concern, which is reasonably related to matters warranting public exposition, the party defamed may recover; however, to warrant such recovery he must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the publisher acted in a grossly irresponsible manner without due consideration for the standards of information gathering and dissemination ordinarily followed by responsible parties" (emphasis added).
First, the coup in Iran and the American involvement in that coup are clearly "within the sphere of legitimate public concern." Second, it cannot be said that a publisher acts in a grossly irresponsible manner when the plaintiff's own words are the very source of the statement complained of. In such a case, there is no reason to doubt the veracity of the information (see, Gaeta v New York News, 62 N.Y.2d 340, 351).
Furthermore, Morrow was entitled to rely on Prados' status and reputation as an author in making the decision to publish, without violating the applicable standard of care. The rule, as stated by the Court of Appeals in the leading case of Rinaldi v Holt, Rinehart Winston ( 42 N.Y.2d 369, 382-383, cert denied 434 U.S. 969, supra), is that a publisher may rely upon the author's reporting abilities unless there is substantial reason to question the accuracy of the articles or the bona fides of the reporter (see also, Weiner v Doubleday Co., 74 N.Y.2d 586, 595-596). Prados' background, credentials, and reputation as an author and as a specialist in investigating intelligence activities gave Morrow no pause in depending on his integrity, expertise, and skills as a researcher. Under the circumstances, we conclude that Morrow acted in a reasonable and responsible manner with "due consideration for the standards of information gathering and dissemination," as required, rather than with gross irresponsibility, in reaching its decision to publish Presidents' Secret Wars.
The court should also have dismissed the complaint on the basis of the Statute of Limitations defense raised by the defendant. The accrual of a cause of action for libel is said to occur upon the "publication" of the offending material, which the case law has repeatedly defined as the date on which the libelous work was placed on sale or became generally available to the public (see, Gregoire v Putnam's Sons, 298 N.Y. 119, 126; Zuck v Interstate Publ. Corp., 317 F.2d 727; Khaury v Playboy Publs., 430 F. Supp. 1342, 1344; Tomasino v Morrow Co., 174 A.D.2d 734; Pascuzzi v Montcalm Publ. Corp., 65 A.D.2d 786; Sorge v Parade Publs., 20 A.D.2d 338, 343; see also, Castel v Jean Norihiko Sherlock Corp., 159 A.D.2d 233 [applied to videocassettes]). It should be noted that this is not the same as the "publication date", a term of art in the publishing industry which refers to a time substantially after the material has been shipped to bookstores and sales are already under way, and when publicity events begin.
The defendant has provided ample evidence that Presidents' Secret Wars had been disseminated to bookstores and placed on sale to the general public by the end of October 1986 more than one year before the plaintiff's commencement of this action on November 4, 1987. Consequently, the Statute of Limitations is a viable defense.
We have considered the plaintiff's remaining contentions and find them to be without merit. Sullivan, J.P., Lawrence, Eiber and Santucci, JJ., concur.