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upholding under First Amendment statute prohibiting campaign material falsely claiming that one is an incumbent
Summary of this case from United States v. AlvarezOpinion
Docket No. 81386.
Decided February 20, 1986. Leave to appeal denied, 425 Mich ___.
Gordon W. Hoy, for plaintiff.
Clary, Nantz, Wood, Hoffius, Rankin Cooper (by Robert W. White and John H. Gretzinger), for defendants.
Defendants' Bruce A. Fox and the Committee to Elect Bruce A. Fox to Circuit Court appeal as of right from a circuit court order enjoining the defendants from publishing signs, circulars or advertisements which would mislead the public into believing that Fox was the incumbent circuit judge in the November, 1984, election in Shiawassee County. We affirm.
On October 30, 1984, plaintiff, the campaign treasurer for the Committee to Elect Gerald D. Lostracco, filed a complaint in Shiawassee County Circuit Court seeking an ex parte preliminary injunction to prevent defendants from engaging in allegedly improper campaign tactics. Both Lostracco and Fox were seeking the office of circuit court judge in Shiawassee County's November, 1984, election. Defendants, plaintiffs alleged, had posted signs and published circulars and advertisements which were misleading in that they incorrectly gave the impression that defendant Fox was the incumbent circuit judge. The misleading advertisements stated, inter alia, "Bruce A. Fox, Shiawassee Circuit Judge", "Elect Judge Fox to Circuit Court", "Elect Judge Bruce A. Fox to Circuit Court", and "Elect Judge Bruce A. Fox Shiawassee Circuit Judge". It was alleged that the misleading advertisements violated MCL 168.944; MSA 6.1944, and Professional and Judicial Ethics Opinion No. 74 (March, 1941).
At a hearing on the motion, held November 1, 1984, Judge Fox stated he accepted responsibility for advertisements prepared on his behalf by his election committee. Judge Fox testified that his committee published a correction regarding one of his newspaper advertisements which had stated: "Judge Bruce A. Fox Shiawassee Circuit Judge." The correction depicted the advertisement as beginning with the word "elect".
On October 31, 1984, Shiawassee County Circuit Court Judge Peter J. Marutiak disqualified himself from the case. Clinton County Circuit Court Judge Timothy M. Green was immediately appointed to take his place. At the conclusion of the hearing, held November 1, 1984, Judge Green stated he would enjoin defendant Fox from misrepresenting his identity or present position. He found "as a matter of law that the ads run by Mr. Fox violate the Canons of Ethics or the Canons of Judicial Conduct in that they misrepresent his identity, his present position and he shall be enjoined forthwith from any further ads of a similar vein or import". Months later, on March 5, 1985, Judge Green signed an order stating:
"IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Court finds as a matter of law that Defendants' yard signs, newspaper advertisements, large signs and circulars are, in fact, misleading to the electorate in that the language used therein does give the impression that Defendant Fox is an incumbent Circuit Court Judge when in fact he is not;
"NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Defendants, BRUCE A FOX and the COMMITTEE TO ELECT BRUCE A. FOX TO CIRCUIT COURT, are hereby enjoined from publishing any signs, circulars, advertisements or other written or oral advertisement containing language which does not specifically inform the public that he is a District Judge so that the public will not be misled into believing that Defendant Fox is the incumbent Circuit Judge.
"IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff shall not make use of this Order in any paid political advertisement during this campaign."
On appeal, defendants claim that the circuit court was without subject-matter jurisdiction to enjoin a violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct, because, pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 30, the Judicial Tenure Commission and the Supreme Court have exclusive jurisdiction over violations of the Code of Judicial Conduct. We disagree. If the plaintiff had not raised anything more than a violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct, the circuit court would have been without jurisdiction to hear the matter. Blackwell v Bayles, 141 Mich. App. 151; 366 N.W.2d 13 (1984). Plaintiff, however, also alleged that defendants were engaging in criminal conduct in violation of MCL 168.944; MSA 6.1944, which makes it a misdemeanor for a candidate for public office to give the impression in campaign advertisements that he is the incumbent when in fact he is not. Because the circuit court had jurisdiction to grant an injunction, GCR 1963, 718, we reject defendants' claim. The circuit court was not divested of subject-matter jurisdiction merely because an allegation of a violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct was attached as one of the grounds for the complaint for injunction.
Defendants next argue that plaintiff failed to establish that he was entitled to injunctive relief. We disagree. Plaintiff showed that he was entitled to equitable relief because defendants' continued violation of the criminal statute would cause irreparable harm in the election. Based upon our de novo review of the record, Marconeri v Village of Mancelona, 124 Mich. App. 286, 287-288; 335 N.W.2d 21 (1983), we believe plaintiff had no other adequate remedy than to seek an injunction. Neither a prosecution for violation of MCL 168.944; MSA 6.1944 nor an investigation by the Judicial Tenure Commission would have stopped the misleading advertisements prior to the election which was one week away when the complaint was filed. Had the defendants' misleading advertisements been successful, the injury — the loss of votes for plaintiff's candidate in the election — would have been irreparable and permanent. Because plaintiff proved by a preponderance of the evidence an actual or threatened invasion of his candidate's right to seek office in a fair election and demonstrated that he had no adequate remedy at law, see Barkau v Ruggirello, 100 Mich. App. 617, 623; 300 N.W.2d 342 (1980), injunction was the proper remedy.
We recognize that the court stated on the record that it had granted the injunction because the Fox advertisements violated the Canons of Judicial Conduct. Defendants claim this was impermissible under the rule of Blackwell, supra. However, where the lower court reaches the right result for the wrong reason, we will not disturb the results on appeal. Robertson v City of Detroit, 131 Mich. App. 594; 345 N.W.2d 695 (1983).
Next we consider defendants' contention that the circuit court injunction violated Fox's right of free speech guaranteed by US Const, Am I and Const 1963, art 1, § 5.
The trial court enjoined defendants from illegally giving the impression that Fox was the incumbent when in fact he was not the incumbent. MCL 168.944; MSA 6.1944 makes such conduct illegal:
"Any candidate for public office who advertises or uses in any campaign material, including radio, television, newspapers, circulars, cards or stationery, the words incumbent, re-elect, re-election, or otherwise indicates, represents or gives the impression that he is the incumbent, when in fact the candidate is not the incumbent is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable as provided in section 934."
Although both the state and federal constitutions express fundamental personal rights of free speech and expression, the right to freedom of speech or expression is not unlimited. People v Neumayer, 405 Mich. 341, 364; 275 N.W.2d 230 (1979); Heffron v Int'l Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc, 452 U.S. 640, 647; 101 S Ct 2559; 69 L Ed 2d 298 (1981). Both state and federal law regarding free speech in the political arena provide great protection for speech concerning public affairs. See CBS, Inc v Federal Communications Comm, 453 U.S. 367, 396; 101 S Ct 2813; 69 L Ed 2d 706 (1981); Eyde Construction Co v Meridian Twp, 119 Mich. App. 792, 794-795; 327 N.W.2d 364 (1982).
The question of whether the right to free speech in the political arena protects misleading or false statements made by a candidate during an election campaign has received some attention in the federal courts. In Vanasco v Schwartz, 401 F. Supp. 87, 91 (ED NY, 1975), aff'd 423 U.S. 1041; 96 S Ct 763; 46 L Ed 2d 630 (1976), the federal district court considered the extent to which a state may regulate the speech of those persons seeking public office. Quoting Garrison v Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 75; 85 S Ct 209, 216; 13 L Ed 2d 125 (1964), the Court held generally that "`the knowingly false statement and the false statement made with the reckless disregard of the truth, do not enjoy constitutional protection'". 401 F. Supp. 92.
Knowing misrepresentations are not constitutionally protected free speech. Here, once the circuit judge determined that defendants' advertisements were misleading in fact, any republication would have been a knowing misrepresentation. Therefore, we find no infringement on the defendants' right of free speech in the political arena when the circuit court enjoined such republications.
Finally, we decline to decide defendant Fox's claim that his campaign materials did not violate Canon 7 of the Code of Judicial Conduct. The Supreme Court and the Judicial Tenure Commission have the exclusive jurisdiction to consider violations of the Code of Judicial Conduct. Blackwell, supra.
Affirmed.