Opinion
May 31, 1990
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Rensselaer County (Travers, J.).
Plaintiff Michael Lombard (hereinafter plaintiff) sustained injuries while attempting to remove the hood on a Westfalia Milk Separator machine marketed by defendant. The complaint sets forth causes of action in negligence, breach of warranty and strict products liability alleging improper or defective product design and manufacture, and failure to properly warn of dangers associated with the operation of the machine. Supreme Court denied defendant's motion for summary judgment, finding that triable issues of fact were raised by conflicting testimony in the depositions of the parties concerning the removal of a braking device, propriety of the manner of disassembly of the machine and whether plaintiff was properly instructed on the disassembly process.
Plaintiff's wife has alleged a derivative cause of action for loss of consortium.
On this appeal, defendant asserts that the only issues of fact which may possibly exist pertain not to duties and obligations on its part, but rather to those owed plaintiff by his employer. Defendant urges it was the employer's responsibility to provide operating instructions to plaintiff and that the employer had modified the machine by removal of the brake mechanism. Defendant points to plaintiff's deposition testimony that he was given operating and disassembly instructions by other employees, that he knew the brake mechanism had been removed, that warnings were affixed to the machine, that he had requested a copy of the operating instructions but the employer failed to give them to him, and that he began the disassembly while the bowl was still rotating even though he knew it was dangerous and that he should not have done so. Thus, defendant urges it was error for Supreme Court to have found that any remaining questions of fact pertained to defendant. We agree.
Initially, we find that plaintiff has failed to allege facts or offer proof to negate defendant's showing that the milk separator was built to specifications and conformed to the contemplated design, in the absence of which there can be no claim for manufacturing defects. Plaintiff also contends that defendant breached its duty to warn of a danger in the product known to defendant including those associated with reasonably foreseeable misuse (see, McLaughlin v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 11 N.Y.2d 62). However, the duty to warn does not arise when the injured party is already aware of the specific hazard (Lancaster Silo Block Co. v. Northern Propane Gas Co., 75 A.D.2d 55, 65; see, Etu v. Cumberland Farms, 148 A.D.2d 821, 824). Here, plaintiff has acknowledged his awareness of the hazard which resulted in his injury. Moreover, affixed to the machine were warnings including an admonition that a complete reading of the instruction manual was essential to safety. Another affixed warning pertaining to the brake was partially obscured. When sold by defendant, a metal warning plate was riveted to the machine warning against loosening any parts before the bowl had come to a complete stop. Plaintiff has failed to show that these warnings were inadequate.
Plaintiff's remaining theory of liability is based upon design defect. The proper standard to be applied should be "whether the product as designed was `not reasonably safe' — that is, whether it is a product which, if the design defect were known at the time of manufacture, a reasonable person would conclude that the utility of the product did not outweigh the risk inherent in marketing a product designed in that manner" (Voss v. Black Decker Mfg. Co., 59 N.Y.2d 102, 108). Plaintiff contends that the machine requires cleaning daily after use and that the indicators which showed the operator that it was no longer in motion and safe to dismantle for cleaning were insufficient. There were only two indicators that the bowl was in motion. One was a tachometer which did not register motion once the revolutions per minute dropped below 3,000, the lowest reading on the tachometer. The other was an indicator nut installed at the end of the motor assembly containing a cross groove and rotated while the motor was in motion. Faced with defendant's prima facie showing in an engineer's affidavit and deposition that the milk separator was appropriately designed in light of safety standards and the state of the art at the time of manufacture and sale (see, Winegrad v. New York Univ. Med. Center, 64 N.Y.2d 851), plaintiff was required to lay bare affirmative proof in evidentiary form to demonstrate that his allegations are real and capable of being established upon trial (see, Zuckerman v. City of New York, 49 N.Y.2d 557). An analysis of the situation proffered in an attorney's affidavit is probatively valueless and should be disregarded (see, Hasbrouck v. City of Gloversville, 102 A.D.2d 905, affd 63 N.Y.2d 916) except to marshal and make reference to evidentiary proof which appears elsewhere in the record. Here, plaintiff has merely challenged the veracity of the deposition by defendant's engineer and speculates as to tachometers, indicator lights, interlocking devices and the state of the art when this milk separator was sold in 1961 (see, Robinson v. Reed-Prentice Div., 49 N.Y.2d 471, 479, 481). Plaintiff has failed to effectively raise an issue of fact requiring resolution at trial (see, Zuckerman v. City of New York, supra; World Trade Knitting Mills v. Lido Knitting Mills, 154 A.D.2d 99) and, accordingly, summary judgment must be awarded to defendant.
Order reversed, on the law, with costs, motion granted, summary judgment awarded to defendant and complaint dismissed. Mahoney, P.J., Kane, Weiss, Levine and Mercure, JJ., concur.