Locke v. Life Time Fitness, Inc.

Full title: Tracy Locke, Plaintiff, v. Life Time Fitness, Inc., Defendant.

Court: United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.

Date published: Feb 26, 2014

20 F. Supp. 3d 669 (N.D. Ill. 2014)

Opinion

No. 12 C 9345

2014-02-26

Tracy Locke, Plaintiff, v. Life Time Fitness, Inc., Defendant.

Nicholas James Faklis, Jeffrey J. Tallis, Faklis & Tallis, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff.Brian P. Shaughnessy, Geoffrey Michael Waguespack, Sean Mark Conaghan, Cremer Spina Shaughnessy Jansen Siegert, LLC, Patrick James O. Giese, Tomasik Kotin Kasserman, Chicago, IL, for Defendant.

SAMUEL DER–YEGHIAYAN

Motion denied.

Nicholas James Faklis, Jeffrey J. Tallis, Faklis & Tallis, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff. Brian P. Shaughnessy, Geoffrey Michael Waguespack, Sean Mark Conaghan, Cremer Spina Shaughnessy Jansen Siegert, LLC, Patrick James O. Giese, Tomasik Kotin Kasserman, Chicago, IL, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

SAMUEL DER–YEGHIAYAN, District Judge

This matter is before the court on Defendant Life Time Fitness, Inc.'s (Life Time) partial motion for summary judgment on Count I. For the reasons stated below, the motion for summary judgment is denied.

I. Scope of Exculpatory Clause

Locke argues that although the Exculpatory Clause covers injuries resulting from a heart attack, the Exculpatory clause is silent on the issue of improper training of Life Time employees relating to responding to health emergencies. In order for an exculpatory clause to be valid, the clause “must spell out the intention of the parties with great particularity and will not be construed to defeat a claim which is not explicitly covered by their terms.” Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581 (internal quotations omitted)(quoting Scott & Fetzer Co. v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 112 Ill.2d 378, 98 Ill.Dec. 1, 493 N.E.2d 1022 (1986)); see also Garrison v. Combined Fitness Centre, Ltd., 201 Ill.App.3d 581, 147 Ill.Dec. 187, 559 N.E.2d 187, 190 (1990))(stating that “an exculpatory clause, to be valid and enforceable, should contain clear, explicit, and unequivocal language referencing the types of activities, circumstances, or situations that it encompasses and for which the plaintiff agrees to relieve the defendant from a duty of care” and that “[i]n this way the plaintiff will be put on notice of the range of dangers for which he assumes the risk of injury, enabling him to minimize the risks by exercising a greater degree of caution”). An injury not specifically contemplated in an exculpatory clause can also still be covered if it “fall[s] within the scope of possible dangers ordinarily accompanying the activity and, therefore, reasonably contemplated by the parties.” Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581 (internal quotations omitted)(quoting Evans v. Lima Lima Flight Team, Inc., 373 Ill.App.3d 407, 311 Ill.Dec. 521, 869 N.E.2d 195 (2007)).

Locke argues that if Life Time wanted to cover inadequate training in the Exculpatory Clause, Life Time should have included such terms in the Exculpatory Clause. Life Time points out that in the Exculpatory Clause, Antowine assumed the risk of “[i]njuries arising from participation in supervised or unsupervised activities and programs within a Life Time Fitness center,” “[i]njuries ... resulting from exercise at a Life Time Fitness center, including, but not limited to, heart attacks” and “[i]injuries resulting from the actions taken or decisions made regarding medical or survival procedures.” (R SF Par. 3). Based on such language, it should reasonably have been understood by the parties that Antowine could not bring suit against Life Time based on the mere fact that he died of a heart attack at the Club when exercising, or based on the fact that Life Time staff made poor decisions when treating Antowine prior to the arrival of the EMS personnel. However, in the instant action, Locke asserts more than that Antowine died of a heart attack and that Life Time employees made several poor decisions that resulted in the death of Antowine. Locke contends that the poor decisions stemmed from a failure by Life Time during a prior period to properly train employees how to respond to such emergency situations. The alleged failure to train employees to be ready for emergency situations is separate and apart from a failure by employees to act wisely in the heat of the moment. Employees who were properly trained, for example, could still have made poor decisions during the emergency that could constitute negligence. Such decision-making is covered by the phrase “actions taken or decisions made regarding medical or survival procedures.” (Compl.Par. 3). The allegation that Locke is relying on in this case is essentially that Life Time employees did nothing or at least nothing helpful for Antowine because they did not know what to do.

As indicated above, under Illinois law, exculpatory clauses are strictly construed against the benefactor of such clauses, which in this case is Life Time. Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581. Life Time was required to specifically identify improper training as an assumed risk in the Exculpatory Clause, and did not do so. Life Time seeks an inference in its favor that such risks relating to improper training were covered, but under Illinois law, the inferences must be made in favor of Locke, not Life Time. There are no specific terms in the Exculpatory Clause that would cover the type of training deficiencies alleged by Locke in the complaint. Nor are the alleged training deficiencies the types of risks that would fall within the scope of possible dangers ordinarily accompanying playing basketball at the Club. Life Time has not shown that the parties contemplated that Antowine would assume the risk for injuries resulting from the inadequate training of Life Time employees as to how to deal with health emergencies. For example, Antowine reasonably could have believed that employees at a fitness center, where individuals exercise and thus increase the likelihood of a heart attack, would be trained to recognize heart attack symptoms, and know the proper procedures to follow until EMS personnel arrives, and would not, as Locke claims, call 911 and report an asthma attack.

Life Time also argues that Antowine agreed in the Exculpatory Clause to assume the “inherent risk of injury,” and that improper training by Life Time employees was an inherent risk. Life Time also points out that in the Exculpatory Clause, Antowine waived any claims for injuries “resulting from the negligence of Life Time Fitness....” (R SF Par. 3). However, as indicated above, in order for Life Time to obtain coverage in the Exculpatory Clause for certain conduct that would not ordinarily be foreseeable, Life Time must specifically identify such conduct in the Exculpatory Clause. Life Time could have added inadequate training to the Exculpatory Clause but chose not to do so and it cannot rewrite the agreement at this juncture. Nor could Life Time cover all possible risks by generally referring to inherent risks or a blanket statement that Life Time cannot be held liable for negligence. See Cox, 377 Ill.Dec. 930, 2 N.E.3d at 1215, 2013 WL 6699464, at *2 (stating that “[g]eneral language is not sufficient to indicate an intention to absolve a party from liability for negligence”)(internal quotations omitted)(quoting Jewelers Mutual Insurance Co. v. Firstar Bank Illinois, 341 Ill.App.3d 14, 274 Ill.Dec. 906, 792 N.E.2d 1 (2003)).

Life Time cites Cox in support of its position. (Reply 4). In Cox, the plaintiff fell and injured her wrist during a personal training session at the defendant fitness center. 377 Ill.Dec. 930, 2 N.E.3d at 1214, 2013 WL 6699464, at *1. Life Time argues that Cox is on point because the plaintiff in that case based her claim upon an alleged training deficiency. However, in Cox, the training at issue related to the training given by fitness center employees to customers on how to use the fitness equipment. Id. Cox did not involve training of employees by the fitness center or training relating to responding to health emergencies such as in the instant action. The exculpatory clause in Cox also technically covered the alleged injury unlike in the instant action. In Cox, the exculpatory clause at issue covered risks relating to “fitness advisory services,” and the court concluded that phrase technically encompassed when a customer was being instructed by a personal trainer and when the customer is “injured during a personal training session due to inadequate or faulty instruction.” Id. In the instant action, however, the language in the Exculpatory Clause relating, for example, to the “[i]njuries resulting from the actions taken or decisions made regarding medical or survival procedures” does not specifically encompass the training of Life Time employees to respond to health emergencies. Thus, unlike in Cox, the exculpatory clause at issue does not on its face encompass the conduct or injury alleged in the complaint. Life Time has therefore not shown that the Exculpatory Clause precludes the negligence claim in this action.

The court notes that Locke argues that Life Time's motion for summary judgment should be denied because there are genuinely disputed facts as to the intent of the parties when entering into the Membership Agreement. However, Antowine is deceased and can no longer shed any light as to his intent. Nor have the parties pointed to other extrinsic evidence in the record relating to intent that would create any genuinely disputed facts as to intent. The plain language of the Exculpatory Clause fails to explicitly cover the training issue, and Life Time has not pointed to any evidence relating to intent that would create a factual issue. Therefore, there is no need for that issue to proceed to the jury. Therefore, the wrongful death claim brought by Locke is not barred to the extent that it is premised on an alleged failure to properly train Life Time employees in regard to responding to health emergencies.

The court also notes that the only basis put forth by Locke in her response to the instant motion for avoiding coverage under the Exculpatory Clause is that she is basing her negligence claim on the alleged inadequate training of Life Time employees. (Ans.1, 4–10). In the complaint, however Locke alludes to other alleged negligent conduct by Life Time employees such as failing to use the AED and failing to use proper crowd control procedures. (Compl.Par. 12). As this case proceeds, Locke will be precluded from changing her position and raising additional bases for her negligence claim in this action beyond the alleged improper training of Life Time employees.

II. Public Policy

Locke argues that to enforce the Exculpatory Clause would be contrary to public policy in Illinois. If the exculpatory clause “clearly appl[ies],” a court should “generally enforce [the clause] unless (1) it would be against a settled public policy of the State to do so, or (2) there is something in the social relationship of the parties militating against upholding the agreement.” Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581 (internal quotations omitted)(quoting Jackson v. First National Bank of Lake Forest, 415 Ill. 453, 114 N.E.2d 721 (1953)). Locke argues that she is 44 years old and is now raising a teenage son without Antowine. Locke also argues that the Exculpatory Clause was merely displayed to Antowine on a computer screen and that he signed on an electronic keyboard. Locke argues that it would be unfair to hold the widow of Antowine to the terms of the Exculpatory Clause. Such facts are insufficient to show that enforcement of the Exculpatory Clause is contrary to public policy. Regardless of the personal circumstances of members at Life Time, Life Time has a valid interest in limiting its exposure to liability for injuries. Such exculpatory clauses have been found valid under Illinois law, as long as they are properly drafted. See Hellweg v. Special Events Management, 353 Ill.Dec. 826, 956 N.E.2d 954, 956 (2011)(stating that “[p]arties in Illinois may generally contract away liability for their own negligence”). Such clauses enable businesses to engage in commerce without incurring excessive financial risks that might otherwise make doing business prohibitively expensive. Illinois public policy also supports the honoring of contractual agreements. The evidence in this case indicates that Antowine was a consenting adult of sound mind and that he voluntarily signed the Membership Agreement in order to be permitted in exchange to join the Club. Public policy does not support interfering in such a contractual agreement between consenting parties. See Hussein v. L.A. Fitness Intern., L.L.C., 369 Ill.Dec. 833, 987 N.E.2d 460, 465 (2013)(stating that “Illinois will not ‘interfere with the rights of two parties to contract with one another if they freely and knowingly enter into the agreement’ ”) (quoting Garrison v. Combined Fitness Centre, Ltd., 201 Ill.App.3d 581, 147 Ill.Dec. 187, 559 N.E.2d 187, 190 (1990)). Locke may be the widow of Antowine, but she is suing both individually and as the Special Administrator of Antowine's estate and thus there is nothing unfair about enforcing the Exculpatory Clause in this case, which was signed by Antowine. Illinois state courts “have held that [exculpatory] clauses are enforceable and not against public policy.” Cox, 377 Ill.Dec. 930, 2 N.E.3d at 1220, 2013 WL 6699464, at *7. Locke has not pointed to any other facts that show that the Exculpatory Clause harms the public welfare or is contrary to Illinois public policy. Thus, the Exculpatory Clause is not contrary to public policy and is enforceable and covers the alleged negligent conduct referenced in the complaint except to the extent that Locke seeks to recover for alleged inadequate training of Life Time employees. Based on the above, Life Time's partial motion for summary judgment on Count I is denied.

I. Scope of Exculpatory Clause

Locke argues that although the Exculpatory Clause covers injuries resulting from a heart attack, the Exculpatory clause is silent on the issue of improper training of Life Time employees relating to responding to health emergencies. In order for an exculpatory clause to be valid, the clause “must spell out the intention of the parties with great particularity and will not be construed to defeat a claim which is not explicitly covered by their terms.” Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581 (internal quotations omitted)(quoting Scott & Fetzer Co. v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 112 Ill.2d 378, 98 Ill.Dec. 1, 493 N.E.2d 1022 (1986)); see also Garrison v. Combined Fitness Centre, Ltd., 201 Ill.App.3d 581, 147 Ill.Dec. 187, 559 N.E.2d 187, 190 (1990))(stating that “an exculpatory clause, to be valid and enforceable, should contain clear, explicit, and unequivocal language referencing the types of activities, circumstances, or situations that it encompasses and for which the plaintiff agrees to relieve the defendant from a duty of care” and that “[i]n this way the plaintiff will be put on notice of the range of dangers for which he assumes the risk of injury, enabling him to minimize the risks by exercising a greater degree of caution”). An injury not specifically contemplated in an exculpatory clause can also still be covered if it “fall[s] within the scope of possible dangers ordinarily accompanying the activity and, therefore, reasonably contemplated by the parties.” Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581 (internal quotations omitted)(quoting Evans v. Lima Lima Flight Team, Inc., 373 Ill.App.3d 407, 311 Ill.Dec. 521, 869 N.E.2d 195 (2007)).

Locke argues that if Life Time wanted to cover inadequate training in the Exculpatory Clause, Life Time should have included such terms in the Exculpatory Clause. Life Time points out that in the Exculpatory Clause, Antowine assumed the risk of “[i]njuries arising from participation in supervised or unsupervised activities and programs within a Life Time Fitness center,” “[i]njuries ... resulting from exercise at a Life Time Fitness center, including, but not limited to, heart attacks” and “[i]injuries resulting from the actions taken or decisions made regarding medical or survival procedures.” (R SF Par. 3). Based on such language, it should reasonably have been understood by the parties that Antowine could not bring suit against Life Time based on the mere fact that he died of a heart attack at the Club when exercising, or based on the fact that Life Time staff made poor decisions when treating Antowine prior to the arrival of the EMS personnel. However, in the instant action, Locke asserts more than that Antowine died of a heart attack and that Life Time employees made several poor decisions that resulted in the death of Antowine. Locke contends that the poor decisions stemmed from a failure by Life Time during a prior period to properly train employees how to respond to such emergency situations. The alleged failure to train employees to be ready for emergency situations is separate and apart from a failure by employees to act wisely in the heat of the moment. Employees who were properly trained, for example, could still have made poor decisions during the emergency that could constitute negligence. Such decision-making is covered by the phrase “actions taken or decisions made regarding medical or survival procedures.” (Compl.Par. 3). The allegation that Locke is relying on in this case is essentially that Life Time employees did nothing or at least nothing helpful for Antowine because they did not know what to do.

As indicated above, under Illinois law, exculpatory clauses are strictly construed against the benefactor of such clauses, which in this case is Life Time. Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581. Life Time was required to specifically identify improper training as an assumed risk in the Exculpatory Clause, and did not do so. Life Time seeks an inference in its favor that such risks relating to improper training were covered, but under Illinois law, the inferences must be made in favor of Locke, not Life Time. There are no specific terms in the Exculpatory Clause that would cover the type of training deficiencies alleged by Locke in the complaint. Nor are the alleged training deficiencies the types of risks that would fall within the scope of possible dangers ordinarily accompanying playing basketball at the Club. Life Time has not shown that the parties contemplated that Antowine would assume the risk for injuries resulting from the inadequate training of Life Time employees as to how to deal with health emergencies. For example, Antowine reasonably could have believed that employees at a fitness center, where individuals exercise and thus increase the likelihood of a heart attack, would be trained to recognize heart attack symptoms, and know the proper procedures to follow until EMS personnel arrives, and would not, as Locke claims, call 911 and report an asthma attack.

Life Time also argues that Antowine agreed in the Exculpatory Clause to assume the “inherent risk of injury,” and that improper training by Life Time employees was an inherent risk. Life Time also points out that in the Exculpatory Clause, Antowine waived any claims for injuries “resulting from the negligence of Life Time Fitness....” (R SF Par. 3). However, as indicated above, in order for Life Time to obtain coverage in the Exculpatory Clause for certain conduct that would not ordinarily be foreseeable, Life Time must specifically identify such conduct in the Exculpatory Clause. Life Time could have added inadequate training to the Exculpatory Clause but chose not to do so and it cannot rewrite the agreement at this juncture. Nor could Life Time cover all possible risks by generally referring to inherent risks or a blanket statement that Life Time cannot be held liable for negligence. See Cox, 377 Ill.Dec. 930, 2 N.E.3d at 1215, 2013 WL 6699464, at *2 (stating that “[g]eneral language is not sufficient to indicate an intention to absolve a party from liability for negligence”)(internal quotations omitted)(quoting Jewelers Mutual Insurance Co. v. Firstar Bank Illinois, 341 Ill.App.3d 14, 274 Ill.Dec. 906, 792 N.E.2d 1 (2003)).

Life Time cites Cox in support of its position. (Reply 4). In Cox, the plaintiff fell and injured her wrist during a personal training session at the defendant fitness center. 377 Ill.Dec. 930, 2 N.E.3d at 1214, 2013 WL 6699464, at *1. Life Time argues that Cox is on point because the plaintiff in that case based her claim upon an alleged training deficiency. However, in Cox, the training at issue related to the training given by fitness center employees to customers on how to use the fitness equipment. Id. Cox did not involve training of employees by the fitness center or training relating to responding to health emergencies such as in the instant action. The exculpatory clause in Cox also technically covered the alleged injury unlike in the instant action. In Cox, the exculpatory clause at issue covered risks relating to “fitness advisory services,” and the court concluded that phrase technically encompassed when a customer was being instructed by a personal trainer and when the customer is “injured during a personal training session due to inadequate or faulty instruction.” Id. In the instant action, however, the language in the Exculpatory Clause relating, for example, to the “[i]njuries resulting from the actions taken or decisions made regarding medical or survival procedures” does not specifically encompass the training of Life Time employees to respond to health emergencies. Thus, unlike in Cox, the exculpatory clause at issue does not on its face encompass the conduct or injury alleged in the complaint. Life Time has therefore not shown that the Exculpatory Clause precludes the negligence claim in this action.

The court notes that Locke argues that Life Time's motion for summary judgment should be denied because there are genuinely disputed facts as to the intent of the parties when entering into the Membership Agreement. However, Antowine is deceased and can no longer shed any light as to his intent. Nor have the parties pointed to other extrinsic evidence in the record relating to intent that would create any genuinely disputed facts as to intent. The plain language of the Exculpatory Clause fails to explicitly cover the training issue, and Life Time has not pointed to any evidence relating to intent that would create a factual issue. Therefore, there is no need for that issue to proceed to the jury. Therefore, the wrongful death claim brought by Locke is not barred to the extent that it is premised on an alleged failure to properly train Life Time employees in regard to responding to health emergencies.

The court also notes that the only basis put forth by Locke in her response to the instant motion for avoiding coverage under the Exculpatory Clause is that she is basing her negligence claim on the alleged inadequate training of Life Time employees. (Ans.1, 4–10). In the complaint, however Locke alludes to other alleged negligent conduct by Life Time employees such as failing to use the AED and failing to use proper crowd control procedures. (Compl.Par. 12). As this case proceeds, Locke will be precluded from changing her position and raising additional bases for her negligence claim in this action beyond the alleged improper training of Life Time employees.

II. Public Policy

Locke argues that to enforce the Exculpatory Clause would be contrary to public policy in Illinois. If the exculpatory clause “clearly appl[ies],” a court should “generally enforce [the clause] unless (1) it would be against a settled public policy of the State to do so, or (2) there is something in the social relationship of the parties militating against upholding the agreement.” Hamer, 341 Ill.Dec. 368, 930 N.E.2d at 581 (internal quotations omitted)(quoting Jackson v. First National Bank of Lake Forest, 415 Ill. 453, 114 N.E.2d 721 (1953)). Locke argues that she is 44 years old and is now raising a teenage son without Antowine. Locke also argues that the Exculpatory Clause was merely displayed to Antowine on a computer screen and that he signed on an electronic keyboard. Locke argues that it would be unfair to hold the widow of Antowine to the terms of the Exculpatory Clause. Such facts are insufficient to show that enforcement of the Exculpatory Clause is contrary to public policy. Regardless of the personal circumstances of members at Life Time, Life Time has a valid interest in limiting its exposure to liability for injuries. Such exculpatory clauses have been found valid under Illinois law, as long as they are properly drafted. See Hellweg v. Special Events Management, 353 Ill.Dec. 826, 956 N.E.2d 954, 956 (2011)(stating that “[p]arties in Illinois may generally contract away liability for their own negligence”). Such clauses enable businesses to engage in commerce without incurring excessive financial risks that might otherwise make doing business prohibitively expensive. Illinois public policy also supports the honoring of contractual agreements. The evidence in this case indicates that Antowine was a consenting adult of sound mind and that he voluntarily signed the Membership Agreement in order to be permitted in exchange to join the Club. Public policy does not support interfering in such a contractual agreement between consenting parties. See Hussein v. L.A. Fitness Intern., L.L.C., 369 Ill.Dec. 833, 987 N.E.2d 460, 465 (2013)(stating that “Illinois will not ‘interfere with the rights of two parties to contract with one another if they freely and knowingly enter into the agreement’ ”) (quoting Garrison v. Combined Fitness Centre, Ltd., 201 Ill.App.3d 581, 147 Ill.Dec. 187, 559 N.E.2d 187, 190 (1990)). Locke may be the widow of Antowine, but she is suing both individually and as the Special Administrator of Antowine's estate and thus there is nothing unfair about enforcing the Exculpatory Clause in this case, which was signed by Antowine. Illinois state courts “have held that [exculpatory] clauses are enforceable and not against public policy.” Cox, 377 Ill.Dec. 930, 2 N.E.3d at 1220, 2013 WL 6699464, at *7. Locke has not pointed to any other facts that show that the Exculpatory Clause harms the public welfare or is contrary to Illinois public policy. Thus, the Exculpatory Clause is not contrary to public policy and is enforceable and covers the alleged negligent conduct referenced in the complaint except to the extent that Locke seeks to recover for alleged inadequate training of Life Time employees. Based on the above, Life Time's partial motion for summary judgment on Count I is denied.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing analysis, Life Time's partial motion for summary judgment on Count I is denied.