Opinion
October 12, 1909.
Carleton Sprague Cooke [ Richards Mott Cahoone with him on the brief], for the appellant.
S.L.H. Ward, Jr. [ Charles Benner with him on the brief], for the respondent.
This is an action upon an account stated. There is no dispute as to the material facts. The firm of E.B. Havens Co. were stock brokers. On April 16, 1906, the defendant asked one of the firm what he would recommend him to buy. He replied, "I think Central Leather is good for two or three points." The defendant then said, "All right, I will send around a check for $500. Buy me 50 shares on a margin of ten points." That was the entire conversation. On the same day he received a statement from them that they had bought for his account and risk fifty shares of Central Leather at forty-six and a half. On March 13, 1907, they wrote to the defendant, "Please deposit with us to morrow morning $1,000 margin on your account." To this request the defendant made no reply. On March 22, 1907, the said firm made a general assignment for the benefit of creditors to Herbert L. Norton, who duly qualified. The said Norton found an account upon the books of the concern against the defendant, and in July, 1907, he sent to the defendant a statement of which the following is a copy:
"Mr. R. McClain in account with Herbert L. Norton, Assignee for E.B. Havens Co.:
"DR. CR. "1907. Amount. "May 22. To balance ... 1982.30 50 Cent Lea 23 .... 1142.75 50 Cent Lea Long To balance ........ 839.55 _______ _______ 1982.30 1982.30 "May 22. To Balance ... $839.55."
This statement indicated that the Leather stock had been sold at twenty-three, and that the sum of $839.55 was owing by the defendant. On September 20, 1907, the said assignee sent a letter to the defendant, stating that about a month before he had mailed to the defendant a statement of his account with E.B. Havens Co., showing his indebtedness to them and threatening suit unless the account was paid. On the same day the defendant replied, disputing his liability. In July, 1908, the said firm of E.B. Havens Co. were adjudged bankrupts and the plaintiff in this action was elected trustee, and thereupon the said Norton as assignee transferred to him all the property and rights of action of said bankrupts, including the claim against the defendant. At the close of the entire case a verdict was directed for the defendant. In this respect we think that the learned trial court erred. The statement sent to the defendant by Norton in July, 1907, was an "account rendered." An account rendered is one which is drawn up in form and delivered by the creditor to the debtor as an exhibition of the former's demand. (1 Cyc. 363.) It is not the less an account because it starts with a balance claimed, and does not consist of several distinct items. ( Dows v. Durfee, 10 Barb. 213; Hatch v. Von Taube, 31 Misc. Rep. 468; Robbins v. Downey, 45 N.Y. St. Repr. 279.) An account rendered becomes an account stated when its correctness is assented to. ( Lockwood v. Thorne, 18 N.Y. 285; Stanton v. Jerome, 54 id. 480.) This assent may be either express or implied from circumstances, and evidence of such assent may be found when one party presents an account to another which the latter retains without making objection within a reasonable time. ( Spellman v. Muehlfeld, 166 N.Y. 245; Eames Vacuum Brake Co. v. Prosser, 157 id. 289.) As a rule, the question as to what is a reasonable time within which to object is for the jury, although it has been held that the retention of an account rendered for a period of nineteen days without objection justified the court in directing a verdict for the plaintiffs as upon an account stated. ( Knickerbocker v. Gould, 115 N.Y. 533.) While it is true that when one disclaims all liability upon an account rendered he is not bound to examine the items of an account or be taken to have assented to them if he does not object ( Quincey v. White, 63 N.Y. 370), this disclaimer must be something more than a mental operation on the part of the person receiving the account. If he is to receive the benefit of this rule he must express his disclaimer of any liability, and then, as the greater includes the less, he is not obliged to object to specific items. In this case the account rendered was received by the defendant and retained by him without objection or disclaimer of liability for more than a month. It certainly could not be said as matter of law that the defendant had not assented to the same so as to make it an account stated. But on the evidence introduced by the defendant as to the original transaction out of which the account rendered grew, his indebtedness to the plaintiff's assignor was established. When he directed the firm of E.B. Havens Co. to purchase for him fifty shares of Central Leather stock and they did so, the legal title to the stock vested in him. He became the debtor of the broker for the unpaid balance of the purchase price. The stock remaining in the possession of the broker, it is deemed pledged to him as security for such unpaid balance. ( Strickland v. Magoun, 119 App. Div. 113.) This indebtedness continued until discharged by payment, or in some other way. There is no evidence that it ever was discharged, and the burden of proving this was on the defendant. He sets up in his answer that there was an agreement between him and the brokers that the stock was to be sold when the margin was exhausted, but there is no evidence of this. On the contrary, his testimony as to his conversation with one of the firm when the stock was purchased, and which he says was all of the conversation on the subject, shows conclusively that there was no such agreement, and he admits that he was called upon for more margin and that he refused to put up the same, although there is no evidence that he then disputed his liability. The brokers were not obliged to sell the stock as soon as his margin was exhausted. They could hold it and depend upon his personal liability without security. It appears that the stock was sold, whether with or without notice to him does not appear. He only testifies that he does not know when it was sold. But all of this testimony was of no consequence if there was an account stated, since in such case, in the absence of fraud or mistake, the consideration of the original indebtedness cannot be inquired into, and the burden to impeach it by clear and convincing testimony rests upon him who on such grounds would escape its binding force. (1 Cyc. 454; Harley v. Eleventh Ward Bank, 76 N.Y. 618; Manchester Paper Co. v. Moore, 104 id. 680; Jugla v. Trouttet, 120 id. 21.)
The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.
JENKS, GAYNOR, RICH and MILLER, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.