Opinion
November 20, 1957.
January 21, 1958.
Negligence — Automobiles — Left turn across street — Trolley approaching from rear — Stopping to look for traffic to right before clearing tracks of approaching trolley — Evidence — Contributory negligence.
1. In a trespass case, in which it appeared that plaintiff driver stopped at the right-hand side of a street which accommodated two trolley tracks, with a traffic lane and a parking lane on either side of the tracks, and was about to make a left turn to proceed to a parking lot immediately opposite on the other side of the street; that he noticed defendant's trolley approaching from his rear, coming from an intersection behind him at a distance of approximately 200 feet; that when he reached the near or eastbound track he stopped the car and noticed that the trolley was approximately 150 feet to his left, with no intervening traffic and with no traffic approaching from his right; that he thereupon continued to cross the street and, when he reached the westbound track, stopped again without first looking to his left, with his car then broadside on the eastbound track; and that he then looked first to his right and then to his left, at which time the trolley was approximately 40 feet away, and plaintiff was unable to get away from the approaching car before being struck; it was Held, in the circumstances, as a matter of law, that plaintiff was contributorily negligent.
Practice — New trial — Additional defendant — Negligence as a matter of law — Verdicts for plaintiffs against defendant alone — Trespass.
2. Where it appeared that the suits involved an action by B, the driver, against defendant, and actions by C, the bailor of the car, and E, B's wife, a passenger, in each of which actions B was joined as an additional defendant; that at the trial the jury returned a verdict for B in his individual action, and for C and E against defendant only; and that the court below entered judgment n.o.v. in B's action and granted a new trial in the other two actions; it was Held, in the circumstances, that the granting of a new trial in the actions of C and E was entirely proper.
Before RHODES, P.J., HIRT, GUNTHER, WRIGHT, WOODSIDE, ERVIN, and WATKINS, JJ.
Appeals, Nos. 199, 200, and 201, April T., 1957, from judgment and orders of Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Jan. T., 1954, No. 2949, in cases of Bernard Levine v. Pittsburgh Railways Company, Esther Levine v. Pittsburgh Railways Company et al.; and Cylvia Levine v. Pittsburgh Railways Company et al. Judgment and orders affirmed.
Actions of trespass for personal injuries and property damage. Before LEWIS, J.
Verdicts, for B. Levine in the sum of $1,473, for E. Levine in the sum of $1,117 and for C. Levine in the sum of $410.12, and against defendant Railways Company; judgment n.o.v. granted as to plaintiff B. Levine and motions of defendant for new trials as to remaining plaintiffs granted, before KENNEDY, SOFFEL and LEWIS, JJ., opinion by LEWIS, J. Plaintiffs appealed.
H.N. Rosenberg, with him Rosenberg and Rosenberg, for appellants.
Earl W. Brieger, for appellee.
Argued November 20, 1957.
Cylvia, Esther, and Bernard Levine instituted an action in trespass against the Pittsburgh Railways Company, hereinafter called the Company, to recover damages resulting from a collision between Cylvia's automobile and the Company's trolley. Cylvia was the bailor of the car, Bernard was the operator, and Esther, Bernard's wife, was a passenger. Upon petition of the Company, the parties plaintiff were severed, and Bernard was joined as an additional defendant in the actions of Cylvia and Esther. At the trial, the jury returned a verdict for Bernard in his individual action, and for Cylvia and Esther against the Company only. The court en banc entered judgment n.o.v. in Bernard's action, and granted a new trial in the other two actions. These appeals followed.
The collision occurred on Sunday, March 8, 1953, at about four o'clock in the afternoon. The weather was clear and visibility was good, but the streets were slushy because of a recent snow. Bernard and Esther were traveling east on Forbes Street between Murray and Shady Avenues. Their original intention was to visit Esther's mother, but they decided instead to go to a movie downtown. Forbes Street is sufficiently wide at that point to accommodate two trolley tracks, with a traffic lane and a parking lane on either side of the tracks. Bernard testified that he pulled over to the curb on the south side of Forbes Street and stopped the car for thirty to sixty seconds. Immediately opposite, on the north side of Forbes Street, there was a driveway leading to a parking lot in the rear of Joseph's Steak House. Bernard put on his left turn signal and looked in the side view mirror preparatory to crossing the street into the driveway. He noticed the Company's trolley approaching from the west, coming through the intersection of Forbes and Murray at a distance of approximately two hundred feet. He put the car in first gear and proceeded to make a left turn. When he reached the eastbound track, he stopped the car. At that time he noticed the trolley was approximately one hundred fifty feet to his left with no intervening traffic. There was no traffic approaching from his right. He thereupon continued to cross the street. When he reached the westbound track, he stopped again, with the car then broadside on the eastbound track, and looked first to his right and then to his left. At that time the trolley was approximately forty feet away, "and I got excited and I stepped on the gas, tried to get it out of there, but I had chains on. I couldn't move fast. It was slushy. I couldn't get out of the way". The operator for the Company testified that Bernard suddenly, and without any signal, attempted to make a "U" turn directly in front of the trolley. The operator was corroborated by the testimony of three passengers in the trolley, and also by a city policeman who testified that Bernard stated after the collision that he was in the process of making a "U" turn.
See section 1026(b) 4 of The Vehicle Code of 1929, P.L. 905, 75 P.S. 635.
Viewing the testimony in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Harris v. DeFelice, 379 Pa. 469, 109 A.2d 174, we agree with the court below that Bernard was guilty of contributory negligence. While contributory negligence should be declared as a matter of law only when it is so closely revealed that fair and reasonable persons could not disagree as to its existence, McMillan v. Mor Heat Oil Equipment Co., 174 Pa. Super. 308, 101 A.2d 413, we have concluded that such a declaration is required in the present factual situation. In this connection we quote with approval the following excerpt from the well-considered opinion of Judge LEWIS for the court en banc:
"Bernard Levine pulled out from the curb after seeing the street car coming through the intersection 200 feet away. He stopped his car when the front end was at the first eastbound rail. He looked to the left and saw the street car 150 feet away. He then moved forward, across the first rail, and then stopped his car before it had cleared the eastbound track and before looking to his left to determine the location of the approaching street car. There was no reason to stop the car because there was no traffic approaching from the right to impede his progress. Instead of looking to his left to see how far away the approaching street car was before stopping, he first stopped his car, looked to his right and then to his left, during which time he had no idea how close the approaching car was to him . . .
"The plaintiff knew that to his left on the eastbound track there was a source of danger — the approaching street car. Instead of looking to his left to see how far away the street car was before stopping his car, he stopped his car on the [eastbound] track, looked to his right and then to his left, with the result that he was not able to get away from the approaching danger before being struck."
We deem it unnecessary to detail and distinguish the factual situations in the cases cited in appellants' brief. It is sufficient to state that they are not controlling here. Furthermore, the granting of a new trial in the actions of Cylvia and Esther was entirely proper. Since Bernard was negligent as a matter of law, recovery by Cylvia and Esther against the Company alone cannot be permitted. As pointed out by the court below, "it becomes clear that any verdict against the Pittsburgh Railways Company alone would not only be inconsistent with the finding that Bernard Levine was negligent but it certainly follows that such a verdict is against the weight of the evidence".
Stadale v. Felin Co., 119 Pa. Super. 364, 181 A. 327; Doran v. Pittsburgh Railways Co., 343 Pa. 204, 22 A.2d 826; Peden v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co., 324 Pa. 444, 188 A. 586; Connor v. Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., 98 Pa. Super. 250; Lavine v. Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., 98 Pa. Super. 260; Koren v. George, 159 Pa. Super. 182, 48 A.2d 139; Shearer v. Pittsburgh Railways Co., 145 Pa. Super. 560, 21 A.2d 482; Mitchell v. Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., 85 Pa. Super. 434; Wilkerson v. Philadelphia Transportation Co., 167 Pa. Super. 616, 76 A.2d 430; McClintock v. Pittsburgh Railways Co., 371 Pa. 540, 92 A.2d 185; Dandridge v. Exhibitors Service Co., 167 Pa. Super. 143, 74 A.2d 670; Podjed v. Wolfe, 183 Pa. Super. 542, 133 A.2d 256.
Judgment and orders affirmed.