Opinion
Civil Action No. 11-12
01-11-2012
RENEE LEMPKE, individually and as the Executrix of the Estate of ROBERT LEMPKE, deceased Plaintiff, v. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, GE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS/SOLUTIONS a/k/a GE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION & CONTROL, SCHWEITZER ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, INC. and HUBBELL POWER SYSTEMS, INC. Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
Gary L. Lancaster,
Chief Judge.
This is an action in products liability. Plaintiff, Renee Lempke, alleges that defendants' negligent acts and defective products caused the injury and death by electrocution of Robert Lempke, her husband. Specifically, Ms. Lempke alleges that defendants General Electric Co. and GE Industrial Solutions ("GE") were negligent in their design and manufacture of a circuit breaker that failed to properly perform and protect Mr. Lempke, and that the circuit breaker's defective condition caused Mr. Lempke's injuries. Ms. Lempke also alleges that defendant Hubbell Power Systems, Inc. ("Hubbell") was negligent in its design and manufacture of a fuse that failed to properly perform and protect Mr. Lempke, and that the fuse's defective condition caused Mr. Lempke's injuries.
A.B. Chance, a division of Hubbell, was also named as a defendant in civil action no. 11-1236.
Defendant GE has filed a motion to strike language in the complaint related to one of Ms. Lempke's three negligence theories, specifically that GE "increased the risk of harm" to Mr. Lempke. [Doc. No. 7] . GE argues that Pennsylvania law requires a defendant's negligent conduct to be either the proximate cause of, or a substantial factor in causing, plaintiff's injury. Ms. Lempke argues that she properly pled causation based on an increased risk of harm theory, which is recognized under Pennsylvania law as a basis for liability in tort.
Defendant Hubbell has filed a motion to dismiss, making essentially the same argument as GE makes in its motion to strike. [Doc. No. 6].
As noted in Hubbell's Supplement to the Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 80], the other arguments presented in the original Motion to Dismiss are now moot.
For the following reasons, both motions will be denied.
I. BACKGROUND
Accepting plaintiff's allegations as true, the following is the factual predicate of the claims against GE and Hubbell.
On September 16, 2008, Mr. Lempke, a utility worker, was working as part of a relief effort to restore power in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, when he came into contact with a downed, energized power line. As a result of the contact, Mr. Lempke suffered catastrophic injuries and death. [Doc. No. 1-1 ¶¶ 18-25] . A GE circuit breaker, Type PVDB1, was incorporated into the power line to prevent current flow beyond the rating of the line. The circuit breaker failed to de-energize the line, thus exposing Mr. Lempke to at least 7,200 volts of electricity. [Doc. 1-1 ¶¶ 42-45]. Similarly, a T-type fuse, that was designed, manufactured and sold by defendant Hubbell, was incorporated into the power line to prevent current flow beyond the rating of the line. The fuse failed to de-energize the line, thus exposing Mr. Lempke to at least 7,200 volts of electricity. [Doc. No. 1-1 ¶¶ 35-37] .
Plaintiff Renee Lempke, Robert Lempke's widow, subsequently filed four actions in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, acting individually and as the executrix of Mr. Lempke's estate. Two of the actions, including this one, were removed to federal court based on diversity of citizenship. [Doc. No. 1] . Two of the actions remain in state court. Subsequently, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granted defendants' motion to transfer venue to the Western District of Pennsylvania. [Doc. No. 62] . The cases are docketed in this court as civil action nos. 11-1236 and 11-1237.
Civil action no. 11-1236 involves the same operative facts as this action, but was filed against defendants Osmose Utilities Services, Inc. and A.B. Chance Company, a division of Hubbell. [No. 11-1236, Doc. No. 1] . Making essentially the same argument as GE makes here, Hubbell, for A.B. Chance Company, has filed a motion to dismiss [No. 11-1236, Doc. No. 9] in civil action no. 11-1236.
In her complaint in this case, Ms. Lempke identified three theories of causation for her negligence claim. She alleged that the conduct of GE and Hubbell: (1) "increased the risk of harm to Robert Lempke,-" (2) was a "substantial contributing factor[] in causing Robert Lempke to suffer" his injuries; and (3) was a "direct and proximate" cause of Robert Lempke's injuries. [Doc. No. 1-1 ¶¶ 50, 58, 63, 73].
Defendants argue that Ms. Lempke's "increased risk of harm" theory is inconsistent with Pennsylvania's legal requirements for a negligence claim. [Doc. Nos. 7, 22, 34] . Therefore, defendants' motions challenge one theory of negligence liability pled by Ms. Lempke.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
GE filed a motion to strike pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f). Rule 12(f) permits the court to strike redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter in the pleadings at a party's request. When a Rule 12(f) motion attacks the sufficiency of allegations contained in a pleading, it is appropriate to convert the motion into one pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Korman v. Trusthouse Forte PLC, No. 89-8734, 1991 WL 3481 (E.D. Pa. 1991) . Here, GE argues that plaintiff has stated a claim, based on an "increased risk of harm" theory, upon which no relief can be granted under Pennsylvania law. [Doc. No. 7] . Therefore, the court will construe GE's motion to strike as a motion to dismiss.
Rule 12(f) reads: Motion to Strike. Upon motion made by a party before responding to a pleading or, if no responsive pleading is permitted by these rules, upon motion made by a party within 20 days after the service of the pleading upon the party or upon the court's own initiative at any time, the court may order stricken from any pleading any insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.
In considering a Rule 12(b) (6) motion, we must be mindful that federal courts require notice pleading, as opposed to the heightened standard of fact pleading. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only "'a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,' in order to 'give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds on which it rests.'" Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
To survive a motion to dismiss, plaintiff must allege sufficient facts that, if accepted as true, state "'a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570)). A claim has facial plausibility when a plaintiff pleads facts that allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant may be liable for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 194 9. However, the court is "'not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.'" Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555)); see also Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2009).
Therefore, when deciding a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), we apply the following rules. The facts alleged in the complaint, but not the legal conclusions, must be taken as true and all reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of plaintiff. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949; Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. We may not dismiss a complaint merely because it appears unlikely or improbable that plaintiff can prove the facts alleged or will ultimately prevail on the merits. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 563 n.8. Instead, we must ask whether the facts alleged raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary elements. Id. at 556. In short, the motion to dismiss should not be granted if plaintiff alleges facts which could, if established at trial, entitle him to relief. Id. at 563 n.8.
III. DISCUSSION
A federal court sitting in a diversity case must apply the substantive law that the local state court would apply. Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938) . Under Pennsylvania law, a negligence claim has four components: duty, breach of duty, actual and proximate causation, and damage. Orner v. Mallick, 527 A.2d 521, 523 (Pa. 1987) . Here, the causation element of plaintiff's negligence claim is at issue. To succeed in her negligence claims, Ms. Lempke must prove a causal connection between each defendant's breach and Ms. Lempke's injury. Id.
Pennsylvania law does, in limited circumstances, permit recovery where a defendant's negligence increased the risk of harm to a plaintiff, even if plaintiff cannot show conclusively that no injury would have occurred in the absence of negligence. If the plaintiff can show an increased risk of harm, then the case may be submitted to a jury to determine whether the increased risk of harm was a substantial factor causing the injury. See, e.g., Mitzelfelt v. Kamrin, 584 A. 2d 888, 892 n.l (Pa. 1990). In essence, this rule "relax[es] the degree of certitude normally required of plaintiff's evidence in order to make a case for the jury as to whether a defendant may be held liable for the plaintiff's injuries [.]" Hamil v. Bashline, 392 A.2d 1280, 1286 (Pa. 1978). Plaintiff here claims recovery on an "increased risk of harm" theory under Sections 321 and 323 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts ("Restatement"). The court will address each of these theories in turn.
As an initial matter, Section 321 is wholly inapplicable to the facts pled by Ms. Lempke and the "increased risk of harm" causation theory. Section 321 creates a duty to perform an act, in contrast with the more typical duty to act in a non-negligent manner once an act is undertaken. See Cipriani v. Sun Pipe Line Co., 574 A.2d 706, 715 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990) (finding that defendant pipeline company breached a duty under Section 321 when it failed to register underground pipelines with PA One-Call, an underground utility registration service). Ms. Lempke alleges generally that defendants' design and manufacture of the fuse and circuit breaker were negligent; she does not allege that Hubbell or GE had a duty to take some action, but failed to do so. In addition, Ms. Lempke has not pled that Hubbell or GE realized or should have realized, after the manufacture and distribution of the products at issue, that they posed an unreasonable risk of harm to Mr. Lempke, and failed to take action to protect him from that risk. Therefore, we predict that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania would not apply Section 321 as a basis for recovery in this suit, and we decline to do so.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 321(1) reads: "If the actor does an act, and subsequently realizes or should realize that it has created an unreasonable risk of causing physical harm to another, he is under a duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent the risk from taking effect." This section has never been adopted by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court as the law of Pennsylvania. DeJesus v. U.S. Dep't of Veterans Affairs, 479 F.3d 271, 280 n.5 (3d Cir. 2007).
Section 323, adopted as part of Pennsylvania negligence law, recognizes a class of tort actions that differ from typical negligence actions. A plaintiff typically alleges that a "defendant's act or omission set in motion a force which resulted in harm"; under Section 323, the theory is that a "defendant's act or omission failed in a duty to protect against harm from another source." Hamil v. Bashline, 392 A.2d at 1286. Section 323, known as the good Samaritan doctrine, provides, in relevant part:
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the other's person or
things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if. . . his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm[.]
Section 323 is arguably applicable to the facts pled by Ms. Lempke, because she alleges that GE's circuit breaker and Hubbell's fuse failed to protect Mr. Lempke from the harm of electrocution by a power line. Many of the elements of Section 323 are alleged in the complaint. Ms. Lempke has alleged that the intended purpose of both the fuse and the circuit breaker was to prevent excessive current flow, which could harm a utility worker. [Doc. No. 1-1 ¶¶ 36, 44]. If GE or Hubbell had such intent, it demonstrates knowledge that the product was necessary for protection of another person. Ms. Lempke has alleged that GE and Hubbell failed to exercise reasonable care in the design, manufacture, and distribution of their respective products, and that such failure increased the risk of bodily harm to Mr. Lempke from a downed power line. [Id. ¶¶ 55-58; 60-63; 70-73]. The sole remaining issue is whether the complaint supports a plausible inference that GE and Hubbell undertook "to render services" to Mr. Lempke (and all utility workers) when they designed and manufactured the products at issue. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323.
Courts in Pennsylvania have invoked Section 323 in a variety of factual settings, but never in the context of a negligence-based products liability case. Section 323 is often applied in medical malpractice suits. See, e.g., Shannon v. McNulty, 718 A.2d 828, 836 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998). Pennsylvania courts have also applied Section 3 23 to hold liable a homeowner who, after a guest fell and lost consciousness, failed to obtain medical help or notify the guest's wife of the injury, Filter v. McCabe, 733 A.2d 1274, 1278 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999), and to hold liable a personal care home that failed to take action for ten days after a resident left the facility without medication and without signing out, Feeney v. Disston Manor Personal Care Home, Inc., 849 A.2d 590, 595-96 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004).
Designing and producing a fuse or circuit breaker is distinct from traditional notions of "service," such as providing medical service, hosting a guest, or providing full-time personal care. Ms. Lempke seems to allege that providing a functional fuse or circuit breaker to the company that maintains the power distribution system is equivalent to providing a service to utility workers. Ms. Lempke's theory stretches Section 323 beyond its plain meaning and beyond the cases decided by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. However, facts may be developed during discovery to support Ms. Lempke's contention that GE and Hubbell were acting in the manner of a service provider, rather than simply a product supplier. Because further factual development may occur during discovery or at trial, the court will decline to eliminate Ms. Lempke's "increased risk of harm" theory at this early stage of the proceedings. When all reasonable inferences are drawn in favor Ms. Lempke, she has alleged facts which could, if established at trial, entitle her to relief.
IV. CONCLUSION
Therefore, the court will deny GE's motion to strike and Hubbell's motion to dismiss. An appropriate order follows.
RENEE LEMPKE, individually and as the Executrix
of the Estate of ROBERT LEMPKE, deceased Plaintiff,
v.
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, GE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS/SOLUTIONS a/k/a GE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION & CONTROL,
SCHWEITZER ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, INC. and HUBBELL POWER SYSTEMS, INC. Defendants.
Civil Action No. 11-1237
ORDER
AND NOW, this 11th day of January 2012, upon consideration of the Motion to Dismiss by Hubbell Power Systems, Inc. [Doc. No. 6], and the Motion to Strike by General Electric Company and GE Industrial Systems/Solutions [Doc. No. 7], and any responses thereto, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that defendants' motions are DENIED.
BY THE COURT
________________ C.J.
Hart. Gary L. Lancaster,
Chief United States District Judge
cc: All Counsel of Record