Summary
In Ledger v. McKenzie (1938), 107 Mont. 335, 85 P.2d 352, this Court discussed the necessity of objecting to the impaneling of a jury in a timely manner.
Summary of this case from Dvorak v. Huntley Project Irrigation DistOpinion
Nos. 7,775, 7,776.
Submitted November 17, 1938.
Decided December 7, 1938.
Jury — Impaneling — Irregularity in Failing to Observe Method Prescribed by Chapter 151, Laws of 1937 — Waiver. Jury — Impaneling — Failure to Object Waives Irregularity. 1. The general rule is that a party who fails to challenge or object, waives an irregularity in the impaneling of a jury. Same — Failure to Observe Method of Drawing Jury Prescribed by Chapter 151, Laws of 1937 — Waiver of Irregularity. 2. Chapter 151, Laws of 1937, amendatory of the sections of the Revised Codes relative to the drawing of juries, requires, inter alia, that in counties where there are two or more resident district judges, each of such judges must participate in the drawing. In such a county one of the two judges ordered a special venire to be drawn from jury box No. 3, and jurors so drawn by such judge alone were added to the regular trial jury and acted as jurors in the trial of several actions without objection. The minutes of the court showed that the second judge did not participate in the drawing of the special venire, nor in the drawing of the trial jury in any of such actions. Held, on appeal by appellant in one of such actions based on the ground that he was entitled to a new trial because the jury had been illegally drawn, that the objection was waived by failure to challenge the panel, with knowledge or means of knowledge at hand of the alleged illegal procedure in drawing the jury.
Appeal from District Court, Cascade County; H.H. Ewing, Judge.
Messrs. Freeman, Thelen Freeman, for Appellants, submitted briefs; Mr. J.P. Freeman argued the cause orally.
Messrs. R.H. Glover, S.B. Chase, Jr., and John D. Stephenson, for Respondent, submitted briefs; Mr. Glover argued the cause orally.
All of the decisions hold that there must be a substantial compliance with the statute in selecting, drawing and summoning those who are to serve on a jury panel and the statutory manner of drawing has always been held to be one of the paramount requisites to the formation of a valid jury panel. ( State v. Landry, 29 Mont. 218, 74 P. 418; State v. Tighe, 27 Mont. 327, 71 P. 3; State v. Groom, 49 Mont. 354, 141 P. 858; State ex rel. Clark v. District Court, 86 Mont. 509, 284 P. 266; State ex rel. School Dist. v. Carroll, 87 Mont. 45, 284 P. 1008; State v. Avis, 145 La. 632, 82 So. 729; State v. White, 153 La. 300, 95 So. 776; State v. McGee, 80 Conn. 614, 69 A. 1059; Dixon v. State, 25 Ala. App. 502, 150 So. 506; People v. Labadie, 66 Mich. 702, 33 N.W. 806; Fornia v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 140 Mich. 631, 104 N.W. 147; Jones v. Woodworth, 24 S.D. 583, 124 N.W. 844, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 1134; State v. Rouner, 333 Mo. 1236, 64 S.W.2d 916, 92 A.L.R. 1099.)
If the knowledge of an irregularity is obtained before trial then there must be a challenge to the panel. ( Anderson v. Southern P. Co., 129 Cal.App. 206, 18 P.2d 703; Mahon v. State, 127 Tenn. 535, 156 S.W. 458; Dwiggins v. McLeod, 124 Fla. 333, 168 So. 401; Cohen v. People, 68 Colo. 10, 189 P. 13; Territory v. O'Hare, 1 N.D. 30, 44 N.W. 1003; State v. Barber, 13 Idaho, 65, 88 P. 418.) These cases are uniform in holding that there is a waiver only in case there is knowledge of the irregularity in drawing and this applies only to those matters known, as stated in State v. Barber, supra. ( City of Clarendon v. Betts, (Tex.Civ.App.) 174 S.W. 958; Riley v. Southern P. Co., 57 Cal.App. 477, 207 P. 699.) In applying that rule in this case it is to be remembered that the verdict was rendered on May 3, 1937, and that knowledge of the error complained of was not obtained until the 8th day of June thereafter.
The manner in which the additional jurors were drawn from jury box No. 3, and selected to form a part of the regular jury panel from which the trial jury was drawn to try the instant case, was wholly irregular and void, and in effect resulted in having no jury panel at all from which a trial jury could be drawn to try the said cause. This conclusion was aptly stated in the case of Bradley v. Shreveport Gas etc. Co., 139 La. 1029, 72 So. 725, "A jury is a legal entity which must be legally constituted in all of its parts, and there can be no such jury, ten members of which were selected according to law, and two members of which were selected in disregard, or violation, of law."
In the absence of any specific statute, it is the general rule that a challenge to the array must be in writing, irrespective of any statutory provision. (35 C.J., p. 378.)
In numerous jurisdictions the rule is flatly laid down that an objection to the panel or array comes too late when it is made after verdict, irrespective of the fact that the party may not have been aware that a ground of challenge existed. ( State v. Hilbish, 126 Kan. 282, 267 P. 1109; Silvers v. Payne, (Tex.Civ.App.) 282 S.W. 876; Commonwealth v. Wong Chung, 186 Mass. 231, 71 N.E. 292, 1 Ann. Cas. 193; State v. Wright, 150 La. 516, 90 So. 833; People v. Duncan, 8 Cal.App. 186, 96 P. 414; 35 C.J., pp. 368, 371.)
But it is not necessary to rely upon the above authorities to sustain respondent's contention, for it is the law everywhere that even though the failure to interpose the objection until after the verdict was due to lack of knowledge on the part of the party complaining that a ground of objection existed, still if the lack of knowledge was the result of a lack of diligence, which would have disclosed the ground, then the objection comes too late. (3 C.J., p. 803)
Now, in the present case we have, in the first place, the fact that the manner in which these jurors were drawn was affirmatively set forth in the minutes of the court in the case of Shea v. Great Falls Coach Lines Co., tried before the present cases came on for trial, and that the matter was thus a matter of public record. Moreover, we have the additional fact that J.P. Freeman, who is one of counsel for appellant herein and who actively participated in the trial of this case, was likewise one of the counsel who actively participated in the case of Shea v. Great Falls Coach Lines Co. Under these circumstances lack of diligence on the part of appellant to discover the manner in which the panel was made up affirmatively appears. The following authorities establish the proposition that an objection to the panel made after verdict under such circumstances comes too late. ( Sprague v. Brown, 21 R.I. 329, 43 A. 636; Belcher v. Sandy Valley E. Ry. Co., 207 Ky. 560, 269 S.W. 729; Beals v. Cone, 27 Colo. 473, 62 P. 948, 83 Am. St. Rep. 92.)
Since a jury trial itself may be waived by a party, it necessarily follows that any lesser right or privilege incident to a jury trial may be waived, and likewise that such waiver need not be expressed but may be implied under such circumstances as prevailed here. (35 C.J., p. 363; Cohen v. People, 68 Colo. 10, 189 P. 13.)
The plaintiffs brought separate actions against the same defendant for personal injuries severally sustained while riding as guests in an automobile driven by a third person. The cases were tried together in the district court, resulting in separate verdicts and judgments in favor of the defendant in each action. Separate appeals were perfected to this court from these judgments. The cases were argued together and present identical questions. Motions for new trial were made, heard and denied.
The errors assigned relate to the failure of the trial court to grant the motions for new trial. Cascade county, in which the cases were tried, is in the eighth judicial district, which district has two district judges. Both maintain chambers at Great Falls. It appears from the record that on April 19, 1937, in the trial of a cause then pending in the district court of Cascade county, the Honorable H.H. Ewing presiding declared an emergency and ordered a special venire to issue, to be drawn from jury box No. 3. A like order was made by the same judge in the same case, and a further venire ordered drawn from the same jury box on the succeeding day. From among the jurors drawn, certain of them from both panels reported and were added, pursuant to the order of the court, to the regular trial panel theretofore drawn and in attendance upon the court. The other district judge, Honorable C.F. Holt, did not participate in the drawing of these two special panels.
Subsequently these cases came on for trial, with Judge Ewing presiding, and when the trial jury for these cases was drawn Judge Holt did not participate in the drawing of the jury. Some of the jurors drawn in these special panels were selected as jurors on the trial of these cases. No challenge to the array was interposed and no objection made challenging the right of any of these jurors to serve, until the motions for new trial were made.
Sections 8903, 8904, 9334 and 9341, Revised Codes, were amended by Chapter 151 of the Laws of 1937 (sec. 1-3, 5). They relate to the drawing of regular panels of trial jurors, the drawing of jurors for the trial of issues of fact in any case, and the drawing of jurors from jury box No. 3, where they are drawn for the purpose of participating in a single cause. The amendatory Act does not expressly amend section 8911, relating to the drawing of jurors from jury box No. 3 for the participation in the trial of cases. These amendatory sections provide that in counties where there are two or more district judges residing, each of such judges must participate in such drawing, and the capsules shall be drawn alternately by such judges, and lots shall be cast to determine the order in which such judges shall draw.
As stated, Judge Holt did not participate in the drawing of any of these jurors mentioned supra. It is the contention of the plaintiffs on these appeals that his failure to so participate was an irregularity in the proceedings of the court entitling them to new trials.
Section 9343 declares that each party may challenge the jurors [1, 2] as follows: (1) To the panel or array; (2) for cause; and (3) peremptorily. Section 9344 enumerates the various grounds for challenging for cause. We have said with reference to challenging for cause, that if "a defendant does not avail himself of the privilege of examining into the qualifications of prospective jurors before the jury is sworn, he may not assign a juror's incompetency as ground for a new trial, even though his knowledge of the incompetency comes to him for the first time after the trial." ( Stagg v. Stagg, 96 Mont. 573, 32 P.2d 856, 864; see, also, State v. Danner, 70 Mont. 517, 226 P. 475; State v. Hoffman, 94 Mont. 573, 23 P.2d 972.) This being the rule with reference to failure to challenge for cause, no logical reason is suggested why a different rule shall obtain with reference to challenges to the array. The general rule is that, by failing to challenge or object, a party waives an irregularity in the impaneling of a jury. (35 C.J. 369; Silvers v. Payne, (Tex.Civ.App.) 282 S.W. 876; State v. Hilbish, 126 Kan. 282, 267 P. 1109.)
Counsel for plaintiffs urge upon us the decision in the case of State v. Rouner, 333 Mo. 1236, 64 S.W.2d 916, 92 A.L.R. 1099, as announcing a rule contrary to the general one, and its applicability here. The Missouri case holds, in effect, that if counsel does not have the knowledge, or means of knowledge, of the irregularity in the drawing of the jury, or the panel from which it is selected until after the verdict, the question may be raised for the first time on motion for new trial. We have no quarrel with that ruling, but in this case the minutes of the court in the cases in which these special panels were drawn clearly indicate that Judge Holt did not participate in the drawing of these special venires. Counsel had the means of knowledge, and while it may be true that the fact and manner of the drawing were not brought home to them personally, nevertheless such means of knowledge were at their command, and therefore, these cases do not come within the rule of the Missouri court.
By their failure to make timely objection plaintiffs waived any right to urge these irregularities. The motions for new trial were properly denied. The judgments are affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE GODDARD and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES STEWART, MORRIS and ANGSTMAN concur.