Opinion
March Term, 1868
John Thompson, for the appellant.
Homer A. Nelson, for the respondent.
This case is distinguished from Le Roy v. The Park Insurance Company in this, that by one of the conditions of the policy in this case, the representations contained in the survey referred to in the policy, are made part of the policy, and are declared to be warranties. This must be deemed assented to by the plaintiff, when he accepted the policy, and it is therefore the contract between the parties. If these representations are warranties, it was error to submit to the jury the question, whether the particulars, in which, at the time when this policy was made, the premises did not correspond with the description, increased the risk or not. The rule of the charge to the jury, in this respect, is true as to mere representations, but not so of warranties; these the insurer may insist upon according to their tenor.
To assume, then, that the survey referred to in this policy was a mere representation, and submit to the jury the question of materiality, was error, for the policy of these defendants was issued after this survey was made.
On the question whether the survey produced on the trial was made as a survey by the plaintiff, and was intended as the basis of the insurances to be effected, or, on the other hand, whether there was another survey which the plaintiff supposed was the survey referred to in the policy, was in doubt upon the evidence, but that did not warrant an assumption by the court, in the charge to the jury, that there was no warranty.
If the Market Insurance company — the defendants — made the insurance in good faith, in reliance upon the survey produced on the trial, while the plaintiff supposed another survey was referred to, it may be true that the minds of the parties did not meet in any contract of insurance.
A new trial may throw more light upon that question.
The judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered; costs to abide the event.
The plaintiffs in this action claim to recover upon a policy of insurance, issued on the fifth day of June, 1861. It appeared, upon the trial, that on the fourteenth day of October, 1860, the Park Fire Insurance company insured the same property for the plaintiffs, and that the survey introduced in evidence was made in reference to that insurance on the twenty-second of May, 1861, and filed in the office of the latter company. This survey is entitled "State Fire Insurance Company of New Haven, Conn.," and although originally dated on the twenty-second of May, the date was subsequently altered to the fourteenth day of October previous, when the policy was actually issued. It is referred to in the policy of insurance, upon which this action is founded, in connection with a description of the location of the building, as a survey filed in the office of the Park Fire Insurance company, and in no other manner.
The principal questions arising in the case relate to the effect of the survey. The defendant claims that it was incorporated in, and became a part of, the policy, and, being such, that its terms and conditions were violated; and, therefore, that there was no question for the jury in the case, and the court should have directed a verdict in favor of the defendant. The correctness of the position thus assumed is based upon the ground, mainly, that the survey was an application on the part of the plaintiffs for an insurance, and that the representations made therein were a material part of the contract, and a warranty on the part of the plaintiffs. I think that this position cannot be maintained, and that it is, at least, exceedingly questionable, as the evidence stands, whether it was ever adopted by the plaintiffs as a survey, or an application on their part for insurance.
As we have already seen, the survey in question was made in reference to a policy in another company; and there is nothing in the body of the policy of the defendant which designates and states that such survey is a portion of it, or that it was adopted as such. The designation of it only relates to the description of the property, and does not, of itself, make it a part of the policy. It was in existence before the policy was issued; purported to be in another and different company, in which no policy had been taken out by the plaintiffs; and was filed in reference to another policy of the plaintiffs in another company. Independent of the inference to be drawn from the language of the policy itself, it is by no means clear, from the testimony, that it was intended to adopt the survey as an application of the plaintiffs, upon which the policy was issued.
While the testimony of the agent of the company tends to establish that this survey was made out with the approbation of the plaintiffs, and in reference to the policy issued by the Park Fire Insurance company, it is expressly denied by one of the plaintiffs, and another witness, that such was the fact; and it is proved to be a mere private memorandum, made by the agent for his own benefit, and that another survey was actually made, and sent to the agent by the plaintiffs. The evidence, certainly, is strongly adverse to the claim of the defendant, that the survey introduced in evidence was in fact the survey given by the plaintiffs for the purpose of the insurance obtained in the Park Fire Insurance company. At least the testimony was conflicting, and, with such contradictory statements, it was not, I think, sufficiently established, even as to the Park Fire Insurance company, that it was an act of the plaintiffs, and that the statements therein contained were binding upon them as a warranty or representation. Even if the survey was applicable to the Park Fire Insurance company, which I think is not the case, yet, being in existence at the time when the policy of the defendant was issued, and it not appearing that the plaintiffs adopted it, and it being apparent that the reference to it in the policy was the act of the company and confined and limited merely to the description of the location of the building, the plaintiffs are not responsible for it.
In Rowley v. The Empire Ins. Co. ( 36 N.Y. 550), it was held, that an agent, authorized to take applications for insurance, should be deemed to be acting within the scope of his authority when he fills up the blank application of insurance; and if, by his fault or negligence, it contains a material misstatement, not authorized by the instructions of the party who signs it, the wrong should be imputed to the company and not to the assured. If we apply this rule to the case under consideration, it cannot, I think, be said justly, that the defendant is relieved from responsibility. The defendant's agent made the survey; and, as there is evidence to show that the plaintiffs regarded it as a mere memorandum of the agent, and that another survey was sent by the plaintiffs, it was at least a fair question for the jury to determine whether it was the act of the plaintiffs. If the views expressed are sound, then it necessarily follows, that the court, upon the trial, properly refused the motion for a nonsuit and to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant.
It also follows, as a consequence, that the several requests to charge the jury, predicated upon the theory that the survey was to be considered in connection with the policy, were properly refused.
There was no error in refusing to charge, that the fact that the building was open and accessible to intruders, and unwatched, made the risk greater and avoided the policy. There was testimony to show that the windows were nailed, the doors barred or locked, and the mill properly protected and taken care of; and the request made assumed as a fact what was at least exceedingly doubtful. The request to charge, that the keeping or leaving of paper-cuttings in the mill increased the risk and voided the policy, was also properly refused. There was no proof that there was any such paper-cuttings in the mill. There was evidence that a pile of waste paper was there; but the same witness who testified to this fact also swore that there is always more or less waste paper around a paper-mill, and the proof did not show that such waste paper increased the risk upon the policy taken.
Nor was there any error in submitting to the jury to determine whether the presence of water in the flumes and the mill was material to the risk; and if, in their opinion, it was not, that the absence of such water did not avoid the policy. Clearly, this was a proper question for the consideration of the jury. In reference to this portion of the charge, it may be remarked, that it is founded, somewhat, if not entirely, upon the assumption that the survey was a part of the policy, and that the plaintiff was bound by its representations. This assumption, as I have already indicated, is not well founded; and for this reason, also, the charge made could work no injury to the defendant, even if erroneous.
It is now urged by the defendant's counsel, that the risks of the company had been increased by the withdrawal of the water from the flumes and pipes, and thus removing facilities for the extinguishment of fires, and adding to the exposures of the property to fires. It does not distinctly appear that any greater hazards were incurred since the policy was issued; and the fact that the mill was not running was known at the time. But, if we can regard the evidence as tending to establish that any new risks existed, I am inclined to think that the charge of the judge, that "the risk to the defendant by the withdrawal of water from the flumes and pipes may or may not have been increased," with the other directions given under the proof in the case, properly presented the subject to the consideration of the jury, and that there was no error in this respect. The fact is, that some of the requests to charge assumed as undisputed facts what properly belonged to the jury to decide; and there was no positive evidence that the risks were increased, or that any such material change existed as to warrant the court in granting any of the several requests to charge, which were made by the defendant's counsel and refused, or as would authorize the court to take the case from the jury.
It is also urged by the defendant's counsel, that the application of the agent, made him the agent of the insured, and that the conditions being broken, it avoids the policy. This point was not taken upon the trial, and I think is not sustained by the facts of the case. As already stated, it is exceedingly questionable whether any express authority was given to the agent by the plaintiffs, and there is no good ground to warrant the assumption, in my opinion, that the agent of the defendant acted by authority and on behalf of the assured. There was no error on the trial, and the judgment of the General Term should be affirmed.
Judgment reversed, and new trial ordered; costs to abide the event.