Opinion
A97A1889.
DECIDED NOVEMBER 20, 1997 — RECONSIDERATION DENIED DECEMBER 5, 1997.
Slip and fall. Bibb Superior Court. Before Judge Brown.
Dozier, Lee, Graham Sikes, Joel M. Grist, Jr., for appellants.
Martin, Snow, Grant Napier, Lisa Edwards, Jay C. Traynham, for appellee.
As she was greeted by a store cashier, Tommie Lawson slipped and fell in water on the floor in one of Bruno's grocery stores. In her premises liability action against Bruno's based on OCGA § 51-3-1, the court granted summary judgment to Bruno's. The issues are (i) whether Bruno's had constructive knowledge of the hazard, and (ii) whether the cashier's greeting distracted Lawson so a jury could find she was exercising due care for her own safety, as required by OCGA § 51-1-2, when she did not see the puddle and fell in it.
1. "To prevail at summary judgment under OCGA § 9-11-56, the moving party must demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law." Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 ( 405 S.E.2d 474) (1991). So construed, the evidence shows Lawson arrived at the grocery store while it was "misty raining." There was no mat or warning sign outside or inside the door, but she "probably" wiped her shoes and feet before she went in. She approached the shopping carts taking at least 14 steps into the store, and when she reached them a cashier whom she knew greeted her. The cashier was not checking out other customers at the time. Lawson responded to the greeting but slipped and fell in a beachball-sized puddle of water located ten paces from the cashier, directly in front of the shopping carts. The cashier saw Lawson fall and went to assist.
2. In Georgia, "[a]t the threshold of analysis in every such premises liability case stand two well-settled legal principles: First, the owners and occupiers of property are not insurers of the safety of their invitees; and, second, in order to prevail, the plaintiff must show that the owner or occupier of the premises had superior knowledge of the alleged defect which caused the plaintiff's fall. [Cits.]" (Emphasis in original.) Moore v. Kroger Co., 221 Ga. App. 520 ( 471 S.E.2d 916) (1996); see also Harris v. Star Svc. c. Co., 170 Ga. App. 816, 817 ( 318 S.E.2d 239) (1984); Gibson v. Consolidated Credit Corp., 110 Ga. App. 170, 173 (2) ( 138 S.E.2d 77) (1964). To demonstrate superior knowledge, "the plaintiff must show (1) that the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the foreign substance and (2) that the plaintiff was without knowledge of the substance or for some reason attributable to the defendant was prevented from discovering the foreign substance." Alterman Foods v. Ligon, 246 Ga. 620, 623 ( 272 S.E.2d 327) (1980).
(a) A plaintiff may establish constructive knowledge by evidence that "an employee was in the immediate vicinity of the hazardous condition and could easily have noticed and corrected it. [Cit.]" Hornbuckle Wholesale Florist c. v. Castellaw, 223 Ga. App. 198, 199 ( 477 S.E.2d 348) (1996); see Alterman Foods, supra, 246 Ga. at 622. Bruno's employee was unoccupied and had a clear, unobstructed vantage point from which to see the sizeable puddle of water (larger than an 8 1/2" x 14" file folder) located only ten paces away. The employee observed Lawson approach the location of the puddle of water as she spoke to Lawson when she entered the store. No one else walked in or out of the store at the time, nor was anyone else around the carts. The record could support a finding of constructive knowledge.
(b) Lawson must also show that she was either without knowledge of the substance or prevented from discovering the foreign substance for some reason attributable to the defendant. Alterman Foods, supra, 246 Ga. at 623. In rainy-day slip-and-fall cases, plaintiffs are charged with equal knowledge "that water is apt to be found in any area frequented by people coming in from the rain outside." Hagin v. Winn-Dixie Stores, 180 Ga. App. 303, 304 ( 348 S.E.2d 766) (1986); see also Roby v. Kroger Co., 219 Ga. App. 459, 460 ( 465 S.E.2d 496) (1995); Gibson, supra, 110 Ga. App. at 173-178 (2). "[I]f warning [of water on the floor near the entrance] were needed the rain itself supplied it. (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 179. But a "store patron `is not bound to the same degree of care in discovering or apprehending danger in moments of stress or excitement or when [her] attention has been . . . diverted.' [Cit.]" Alterman Foods, supra, 246 Ga. at 623. In fact, "`setting up of a distraction, by a sign or conduct, which will so divert the customer's attention as to be the proximate cause of his injury . . ., may constitute actionable negligence on the part of the defendant.' [Cits.]" Id.
The store employee attracted Lawson's attention and eye focus, and a jury could find this diverted Lawson from noticing the hazardous condition of the floor. "`Where the distraction comes from [the landowner], and is of such a nature as naturally to divert the plaintiff,'" the plaintiff's failure to observe it may not constitute a failure to exercise ordinary diligence; it is a jury question. Gray v. Delta Air Lines, 127 Ga. App. 45, 51-52 (2) ( 192 S.E.2d 521) (1972); see Thompson v. Regency Mall Assoc., 209 Ga. App. 1, 3 (1) ( 432 S.E.2d 230) (1993) (whether plaintiff exercised ordinary care in light of distraction is a jury question). A greeting initiated by a store employee, which directs attention to the employee, may constitute such a distraction. See Sheriff's Best Buy v. Davis, 215 Ga. App. 290 ( 450 S.E.2d 319) (1994); see also Jackson Atlantic, Inc. v. Wright, 129 Ga. App. 857, 859-860 (1) ( 201 S.E.2d 634) (1973) (distraction where employee asked plaintiff to move in the direction of the dangerous condition); J.C. Penney Co. v. Knight, 119 Ga. App. 70 ( 166 S.E.2d 434) (1969) (distraction where employee wished a customer "Merry Christmas"); Butts v. Academy of Beauty, 117 Ga. App. 222 ( 160 S.E.2d 222) (1968) (distraction where employee called to the plaintiff regarding appointment). Compare Barentine v. Kroger Co., 264 Ga. 224, 225 ( 443 S.E.2d 485) (1994) (distraction where customer had to call to employee to get employee to come to register).
Bruno's argues that distraction cases do not apply to rainy day scenarios. Although none of the cases cited above was a rainy day case, the legal principles are still relevant. Alterman Foods allowed an action to a plaintiff who failed to discover the hazard "for some reason attributable to the defendant." 246 Ga. at 623. Roby v. Kroger Co., supra, 219 Ga. App. 459 cited by defendant, differs in that plaintiff Roby saw the water and initially skirted it before she fell. A jury must decide, for one thing, whether Lawson's failure to discover the hazard resulted from the store employee's speaking to her.
Bruno's was not entitled to summary judgment.
Judgment reversed. McMurray, P.J., and Smith, J., concur.