Opinion
[No. 113, September Term, 1963.]
Decided December 10, 1963.
EVIDENCE — Larceny Case — No Error In Admitting, As Evidence Of Value, A Price Tag Prepared In Regular Course Of Business — Testimony As To Value Of Article Taken By Chief Security Officer Of Department Store. In this appeal from a conviction of the larceny of a tape recorder from a department store, there was no error in admitting, as evidence of value, a price tag which was attached to the recorder at the time it was removed from the store counter and which was still attached at the time of the defendant's arrest, since the tag fell squarely within the scope of Code (1957), Art. 35, § 59, as a document prepared, or entry made, in the regular course of business. Similar tags were attached to other articles on the counter and throughout the store. The State had the burden of showing that the article taken had a value of $100.00 or more, under the count for grand larceny based upon Code (1957), Art. 27, § 340. The test is market value, and particularly retail value. A price tag is a written representation of the price at which the owner offers to sell the article in question. While the defendant claimed that the chief security officer of the department store was not qualified to testify as to the value of the tape recorder, there was no objection to the question put to her on this subject, no motion to strike her answer and no cross-examination. Under the circumstances it was now too late to raise a question as to her qualifications. She may well have had sufficient experience to qualify as an expert. If based upon the price tag already in evidence, the answer was not prejudicial. Nor was the point properly preserved under Maryland Rule 885. pp. 143-145
CRIMINAL LAW — Preliminary Hearing Was Not Such A Critical Stage Of Proceedings In This Case As To Require Presence Of Counsel, Where It Was Not Alleged Or Shown That Defendant Was Asked Or Required To Plead Before Magistrate, Or That He At Any Time Admitted His Guilt, Or That Any Evidence Of An Admission Or Confession Was Introduced At His Trial On Indictment. p. 145
J.E.B.
Decided December 10, 1963.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Prince George's County (PARKER, J.).
William Dennis Lauder was convicted of larceny by a jury, and from the judgment entered thereon, he appeals.
Affirmed.
The cause was argued before BRUNE, C.J., and HENDERSON, PRESCOTT, HORNEY and MARBURY, JJ.
Faust C. Villareale for the appellant.
Submitted on brief by Thomas B. Finan, Attorney General, Jacques E. Leeds, Assistant Attorney General, Arthur A. Marshall, Jr., State's Attorney for Prince George's County, and Howard S. Chasanow, Assistant State's Attorney, for the appellee.
The appellant was convicted in a trial before a court and jury of the larceny of a tape recorder valued at $199.95. His first two contentions are that the trial court erred in admitting a price tag as evidence of value and in permitting an unqualified witness to testify as to value. Miss Cook, the Chief Security Officer for May Department Stores, Inc., testified that she saw the appellant take a recorder from a display counter and conceal it under his coat. He was arrested on his way out of the store. Miss Cook also testified that a price tag, which she identified, had been attached to the recorder at the time it was removed from the counter and was still attached at the time of the arrest. Other articles on the counter, and throughout the store, had similar tags attached. The tag was put in evidence over objection on the ground that there was no evidence as to who had priced the article and "that would be hearsay."
The State had the burden of showing that the article taken had a value of $100.00 or more, under the count for grand larceny based on Code (1957), Art. 27, § 340. Cofflin v. State, 230 Md. 139, 144. The test is market value, and particularly retail value. People v. Irrizari, 182 N.Y.S.2d 361 (N.Y.); Jewell v. State, 216 Md. 110, 112. A price tag is a written representation of the price at which the owner offers to sell the article in question. We think it falls squarely within the scope of Code (1957), Art. 35, § 59, as a document prepared or entry made in the regular course of business. We have held that section to apply to a wide variety of documents. See Eastover Co. v. All Metal Fabr., 221 Md. 428, 435 (Bills); Tellez v. Canton Railroad Co., 212 Md. 423, 433 (bills of lading); Morrow v. State, 190 Md. 559, 561 (sales slip). See also Mt. Vernon Co. v. Teschner, 108 Md. 158, and Munshower v. State, 55 Md. 11, 24. The rule applies in criminal as well as civil cases. Jones v. State, 205 Md. 528, 533. A case closely in point is Caten v. Salt City Movers Storage Co., 149 F.2d 428, 433 (C.A.2d). See also the article in 45 Mich. L. Rev. 748. We find no error in the admission of the tag in the case at bar.
After the tag had been put in evidence, Miss Cook was asked if she knew the retail value of the recorder in question. She replied: "one hundred ninety-nine ninety-five." There was no objection to the question, no motion to strike the answer, and no cross-examination. Under the circumstances it is now too late to raise a question as to her qualifications. She may well have had sufficient experience to qualify as an expert. See 2 Wharton, Criminal Evidence (12th ed. 1955) sec. 550. If based on the price tag already in evidence, the answer was not prejudicial. Finally, the point was not properly preserved under Rule 885.
The third contention of the appellant is that he was denied procedural due process by reason of the alleged fact that he did not have counsel at a preliminary hearing. The record shows, in the testimony of Miss Cook, that a preliminary hearing was held before a magistrate following the appellant's arrest. But it does not appear whether the appellant had counsel or not. We may assume that some sort of hearing was had in order to hold him for action for the grand jury. Obviously he was charged with shop lifting by Miss Cook, and, if he testified, which is not shown, presumably he told the same story he told on the stand, that he was taking the recorder to find a salesman to discuss a purchase and not with intent of stealing it. It is not alleged or shown that he was asked or required to plead before the magistrate, or that he at any time admitted his guilt, or that any evidence of an admission or confession was introduced at the trial on the indictment. Under these circumstances we think it is clear that even if he did not have counsel the preliminary hearing was not such a critical stage of the proceedings as to require the presence of counsel. See Arrington v. Warden, 232 Md. 672, distinguishing Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52, and White v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 59.
Judgment affirmed.