Summary
In LaBella v. LaBella, 134 Conn. 312, 319, 57 A.2d 627, A-239 Rec. Briefs, back of page 303, similar motions were made after judgment upon the main issue, and the rulings of the trial court on them were included in the assignments of error.
Summary of this case from Hiss v. HissOpinion
Divorce, in this state, is a creature of statute. The divorce statutes concerning children refer to children of the marriage in terms or by implication. The child involved in the present case is not a child of the marriage and the Superior Court had no jurisdiction of his custody in the divorce proceedings. Jurisdiction over the custody of children has in general been by statute vested in the Probate Court. In the case of an illegitimate child, the mother is the guardian of the person, but the Probate Court is given specific power to remove her and appoint someone else. The Superior Court has no jurisdiction over matters which are specifically placed within the jurisdiction of the Probate Court. The trial court was right in refusing to interfere with the petition for adoption filed by the plaintiff with the Probate Court. The primary basis for an award of alimony is to provide that support for the wife which the husband, by entering into the marriage, agreed to furnish. The statute concerning alimony has been uniformly interpreted as giving the court a wide discretion In the present case, the court awarded the defendant wife lump sum alimony of $18,000 and further ordered the plaintiff to deliver an $18,000 life insurance policy to her and to pay her the amount of the premiums. In view of the financial condition of the parties, held that the award and the failure of the court to order periodic payments did not constitute an abuse of discretion.
(Two judges dissenting.)
Argued November 4, 1947
Decided January 29, 1948
ACTION for divorce, brought to the Superior Court in Middlesex County where the defendant filed a cross-complaint and the issues were tried to the court, Murphy, J.; judgment granting the defendant a divorce and awarding her alimony but refusing to take jurisdiction over the custody of a child, and appeal by the defendant. No error.
The appellant filed a motion for reargument which was denied.
Wallace W. Brown, for the appellant (defendant).
James M. Kelly, for the appellee (plaintiff).
The defendant was awarded a decree of divorce on a cross-complaint alleging adultery. She has appealed from the judgment on the principal grounds that the court erred in refusing to take jurisdiction over the custody of a child and in its award of alimony.
The plaintiff is a successful surgeon in Middletown and at the time of trial was forty-nine years of age. The defendant was forty-three. They married in 1928 and lived together in apparent harmony until March, 1943. There are no children of the marriage and they had discussed the desirability of adopting a child. In August, 1942, the plaintiff was attending a professional meeting in Minneapolis. He wrote the defendant that he had found a beautiful baby boy they could adopt. She asked him to bring the baby home and suggested that he bring a girl too. He brought the baby home. His name was Michael. The plaintiff did not give the defendant any information about the child's parentage at this time.
In March, 1943, the plaintiff went to Chicago to study. He telephoned the defendant and told her to look in the top drawer of his desk, as there was a paper there she would be interested in seeing. The paper was a copy of Michael's birth certificate. It indicated that the plaintiff was his father and a former Middletown nurse his mother and that the plaintiff had committed adultery in 1941. The parties continued to occupy the same house until August, 1945, but did not live as man and wife after March, 1943. At that time the plaintiff left to obtain a Reno divorce but did not prosecute the action as the parties could not agree on terms. In October of the same year he brought this suit, alleging intolerable cruelty.
It will be necessary to go into some detail with regard to the parties' respective financial conditions because of the claim that the award of alimony in a lump sum was erroneous. The net income of the plaintiff after income taxes rose from about $13,600 in 1940 to $20,000 in 1945. His gross income for the first nine months of 1946 was $39,000. In 1943, after the disclosure of Michael's paternity, the plaintiff's total personal property, amounting to $34,000, was divided equally between the parties.
At the time of trial the defendant's assets included the furnished house, given to the defendant by the plaintiff and assessed at $12,910 but worth more; a $10,000 annuity policy payable to her at the rate of $50 per month starting at age fifty-five; four endowment policies maturing in 1955 for $2000 each; four war bonds maturing in 1955 for $1000 each; an automobile and $500 in cash. She is also the irrevocable beneficiary of an $18,000 life insurance policy of the plaintiff. She has no separate income.
The plaintiff had his practice and professional equipment and war bonds worth $40,000 at the time of trial, standing in his and Michael's names. He maintained three insurance policies, of which Michael is the beneficiary, aggregating $25,000, and a savings bank account for Michael of $1000, of which he is trustee. He is the sole support of his father, aged seventy-eight.
Both parties are attached to Michael. He has lived with the defendant and she has been a fond and attentive mother to him, devoting herself to his well-being, training and rearing.
The evidence supports these findings. The forty-three paragraphs of the draft finding, with one exception, add nothing material thereto and are not in substantial conflict therewith. They are rather an elaboration thereof. The exception referred to is the fact that shortly after the principal trial the plaintiff and the mother of the child started proceedings for the adoption of Michael by the plaintiff in the Probate Court of which his then counsel was judge.
The trial court held that it had no jurisdiction of the defendant's prayer for the custody and support of the child. Divorce, in this state, is the special creature of statute. Dunham v. Dunham, 97 Conn. 440, 443, 117 A. 504. The applicable statutes, General Statutes, 5184, 5186, 5187, refer to children of the marriage in terms or by implication. They can be read in their context in no other sense. Michael is not a child of this marriage.
"The Superior Court of this state as a court of law is a court of general jurisdiction. It has jurisdiction of all matters expressly committed to it and of all others cognizable by any law court of which the exclusive jurisdiction is not given to some other court. The fact that no other court has exclusive jurisdiction in any matter is sufficient to give the Superior Court jurisdiction over that matter." State ex rel. Morris v. Bulkeley, 61 Conn. 287, 374, 23 A. 186. That the English courts of equity had plenary jurisdiction over the persons of children there can be no question, and, in the absence of any statute, the Superior Court of this state, as successor to all the equitable powers vested in the high courts of England, would have a like jurisdiction. The reason why the Superior Court cannot, except in the cases where it has exercised the power from time immemorial (habeas corpus; Dunham v. Dunham, supra) or by specific grant (divorce, or separation under 5185; ibid.), determine the custody of children is that jurisdiction over that matter has in general been by statute vested in the Probate Court. In the case of an illegitimate child, the mother is the guardian of the person, but the Probate Court is given specific power to remove her and appoint someone else. General Statutes, 4794; Lewis v. Klingberg, 100 Conn. 201, 205, 123 A. 4. The guardian of the person of a child is entitled to his custody. 39 C.J.S. 86. The Superior Court has no jurisdiction over matters which are specifically placed within the jurisdiction of the Probate Court. First National Bank Trust Co. v. McCoy, 124 Conn. 111, 115, 198 A. 183. It follows that the trial court was right in refusing to take jurisdiction of the prayer for custody of Michael and in refusing to interfere with the petition for adoption apparently filed in accordance with the provisions of chapter 251 of the 1943 Supplement to the General Statutes. This conclusion is not to be taken as tacit approval of the action of former counsel for the plaintiff in filing the petition in the Probate Court of which he is judge without notice to the defendant. The matter is not before this court.
The judgment awarded the defendant lump sum alimony of $18,000 and further ordered the plaintiff to deliver the $18,000 life insurance policy to her and to pay her the amount of the premiums. The defendant claims that on the facts she is entitled to periodic payments in substantial amount as a matter of law, and possibly to a principal payment. It is true that the primary basis for an award of alimony is to provide that support for the wife which the husband, by entering into the marriage, agreed to furnish. Cary v. Cary, 112 Conn. 256, 260, 152 A. 302; Christiano v. Christiano, 131 Conn. 589, 593, 41 A.2d 779. This fact probably underlies the preference generally expressed for periodic rather than lump sum payments. Schouler, Divorce Manual, 260. General Statutes, Rev. 1902, 4556, limited an award of alimony to one-third of the husband's estate, but it was amended, and General Statutes, Rev. 1930, 5182, is very broad. It provides: "The superior court may assign to any woman divorced by such court a part of the estate of her husband and, in addition thereto or in lieu thereof, may order alimony to be paid from the husband's income. . . . whenever an order shall be made for the payment, at stated periods, of alimony from the income of the husband, the court may, at the time of issuing such order, fix a definite amount which may, at any time, be paid by the husband in lieu of all periodical payments which would otherwise accrue after the payment of such amount." It has been uniformly interpreted as giving the court a wide discretion. Felt on v. Felt on, 123 Conn. 564, 567, 196 A. 791, and cases cited; see Keezer, Marriage Divorce (3d Ed.) p. 632. An abuse of judicial discretion will be reviewed on appeal in this as in other cases, but trial courts have a distinct advantage over an appellate court in dealing with domestic relations, where all of the surrounding circumstances and the appearance and attitude of the parties are so significant. It is not surprising, therefore, that no Connecticut case has been found in which that discretion has been held to have been abused. For example, Nelson cites sixteen cases in which appellate courts refused to interfere and only one where the award was held inadequate. 2 Nelson, Divorce Annulment (2d Ed.) 14.50. In most of the cases cited to the point in 27 C.J.S. 977, note 5, only a small fraction of the husband's estate had been awarded the wife, instead of nearly half as in this case. On the cold record, an award of periodic alimony would seem preferable in this case. The defendant, however, appears to have received from the plaintiff personal property of the approximate value of $60,000, and an allowance out of income would terminate upon the disability or death of the plaintiff. In view of these facts and the situation of the parties, we cannot say that there was an abuse of discretion. It is to be noted that the statute specifically authorizes lump sum alimony. The appeal from the orders for alimony pendente lite and counsel fees must be disposed of on the same basis, that the awards made were fairly within the discretion of the trial court. Schilcher v. Schilcher, 124 Conn. 445, 448, 200 A. 351.
With so much of the majority opinion as sustains the award of alimony made by the trial court, I cannot agree.
Alimony is based upon the continuing duty of a husband to support a wife whom he has in legal effect abandoned. Heard v. Heard, 116 Conn. 632, 636, 166 A. 67; Christiano v. Christiano, 131 Conn. 589, 596, 41 A.2d 779; Romaine v. Chauncey, 129 N.Y. 566, 570, 29 N.E. 826. Where a wife brings an equitable action for separate maintenance, we have said that "the measure of the husband's duty is that support to which the wife is entitled by virtue of the marital contract. . . . generally speaking, it requires the husband to provide `within the reasonable limits of his ability, for her comfort and happiness as well as for her mere bodily shelter and food.'" Smith v. Smith, 114 Conn. 575, 580, 159 A. 489. The same consideration lies at the basis of the award of alimony in a divorce case. As the majority opinion states, the trial court has a wide discretion in determining the nature and amount of alimony. It is also true that it may properly take into consideration the property, income and earning capacity of the parties respectively, and any other relevant circumstances. Felton v. Felton, 123 Conn. 564, 568, 196 A. 791. But the case before us is lacking in any elements other than those specified which could materially enter into the determination of the amount of the award.
At the time of the trial the defendant was forty-three years of age. In 1943, after the defendant learned of the circumstances concerning the birth of the child, Michael, the parties divided the plaintiff's estate, amounting to $34,000, and the defendant received $17,000. She spent $10,000 of this money in the purchase of an annuity policy, under the terms of which she would receive a monthly sum of $50 after she reached the age of fifty-five. Under the divorce decree she received the sum of $18,000, and the plaintiff was required to pay to the defendant the premiums upon a policy of insurance upon his life in the sum of $18,000 of which she was the irrevocable beneficiary. The trial court treated the house which the parties occupied before they separated, the title to which was in her name, and the furniture in it as her property; the house had an assessed value of $12,910 but was worth more; and the value of the furniture is not found. The defendant also has endowment insurance policies with an aggregate face value of $6,000, with some interest accumulated on them, payable in 1955, upon which she has to pay premiums; four war bonds, each for $1000, payable in 1955; $500 in cash; and an automobile given her by the plaintiff. At the time of the divorce, apart from the plaintiff's professional equipment, an automobile, certain policies of insurance upon his life payable to Michael and one on the life of Michael payable to the plaintiff, his estate consisted of war bonds having a maturity value of $54,000 and worth at the time of the trial a little more than $40,000.
Upon the basis solely of these property items, there could be no reasonable ground to attack the award of alimony in this case. The significant fact is, however, that for the years 1943 to 1945 the plaintiff's taxable net income, less the income tax paid on it, averaged between $18,000 and $19,000 a year; and his gross income for the first nine months of 1946 was substantially equal to his net taxable income for the entire preceding year. The defendant before the marriage of the parties in 1928 had been a trained nurse; from 1932 until the separation in 1943 she had assisted the plaintiff by keeping his books; but she had at the time of the trial no separate income. If we add together the $17,000 received by her when the parties separated and the $18,000 awarded her as alimony, and assume that she sells the home, she would have received from the plaintiff about $50,000, certainly not much more than that. Of this, $10,000 has been used to purchase the annuity policy under which she will not receive payments until 1955. She would be fortunate if she could secure an annual income from the assets in her hands amounting to as much as $2000. It is only necessary to point to the contrast between the net income of some $18,000 accruing each year to the plaintiff, the offending party, and the $2000 or so which, until 1955, will be all that will come to the defendant, the injured party, in order to see the essential inequity of the judgment of the trial court. It is, of course, true that the plaintiff may die or for some other reason cease to earn any income or as much as he did before the trial; but the decree is subject to modification should a material change of circumstances require. The statute quoted in the majority opinion authorizes an award of alimony from income in addition to property given. For the trial court in effect not to take note of the very large past and present income of the plaintiff and not to make a more adequate provision for the support of the defendant constitutes, in my judgment, a clear abuse of discretion.
In this opinion BROWN, J., concurred.