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holding that "the evidence is clear that the claimants' injuries were causally related to the use of [the insured's] jeep [because t]he accident occurred while [the insured] was lifting the rifle out of the jeep's gun rack preparatory to unloading the rifle and safely storing it for the journey home"
Summary of this case from State Farm Mut. v. FisherOpinion
No. 84SC381 No. 84SC387
Decided December 22, 1986. Rehearing Denied February 9, 1987.
Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
McDermott, Hansen, Anderson Reilly, Leland P. Anderson, for Petitioners in 84SC381.
McDermott, Kiehnhoff Meconi, John A. McDermott, for Petitioner in 84SC387.
Hall Evans, Richard A. Hanneman, Gordon L. Vaughan, for Respondent.
We granted certiorari to review the court of appeals decision in Union Insurance Co. v. Connelly, 694 P.2d 354 (Colo.App. 1984), which affirmed a trial court determination that the accidental discharge of a rifle did not arise from the use of the insured's vehicle for purposes of coverage under an automobile insurance policy. We reverse and remand with directions.
I.
The facts are not in dispute. On October 12, 1980, Carrol Ray Weaver, Phyllip Connelly, Terry Clear, Rex Kohl, and Tony Martino were returning from a hunting trip in the mountains west of Canon City, Colorado. Kohl and Martino were in one vehicle, Connelly and Clear in another, and Weaver in a third. Weaver's hunting rifle was in a gun rack mounted above the dashboard of his jeep.
On the road back to Canon City, the group stopped for refreshments at a store in Cotopaxi, Colorado. When Weaver arrived, the other hunters had left their vehicles and were conversing in the parking lot. Weaver parked his jeep alongside the other hunters, and joined the group. After a short conversation, Weaver returned to his jeep to retrieve a gas can.
While reaching inside the jeep to get his key to the gas cap, Weaver decided to remove his rifle from the gun rack, unload it, and secure it in a scabbard for the trip home. As Weaver removed the weapon from the gun rack, the rifle discharged. Kohl and Martino were seriously injured, and Connelly was killed.
Kohl, Martino, and the estate of Connelly filed claims with Weaver's automobile insurance carrier, Union Insurance Co. (Union). In response, Union filed this action for declaratory judgment to determine whether the accident was covered by Weaver's insurance. After limited discovery, all parties filed motions for summary judgment. The trial court granted Union's motion, and held that the claimants' injuries were not sufficiently related to Weaver's use of his automobile to support the claims filed with Union. The court of appeals affirmed and concluded that the injuries arose out of the use of the rifle, rather than the use of the automobile. The claimants petitioned for certiorari, and we consolidated the cases for review.
II.
Weaver's automobile insurance liability policy provides that Union "will pay damages for bodily injury or property damage for which any covered person becomes legally responsible because of an auto accident." A covered person is defined in the policy as "[the insured] or any family member for the ownership, maintenance or use of any auto or trailer." Weaver's policy therefore embraces the statutorily required minimum level of coverage set forth in section 42-7-413(c), 17 C.R.S. (1984):
" The policy of liability insurance shall insure every [insured] person on account of the maintenance, use, or operation of the motor vehicle . . . against loss from the liability imposed by law; for damages, including damages for care and loss of services arising from such maintenance, use, or operation to the extent and aggregate amount, exclusive of interest and costs, with respect to each such motor vehicle, in the amounts specified in section 42-7-103(2)."
The claimants assert that the term "auto accident" as used in Weaver's policy provides greater coverage than that required by section 42-7-413. Because we base our decision on the minimum level of coverage set forth in section 42-7-413, we do not construe the terms of Weaver's policy.
(Emphasis added.)
An accident occurs "on account of the use of a motor vehicle" if the injury that forms the basis of the claim is causally related to a conceivable use of the insured vehicle that is not foreign to its inherent purpose. Azar v. Employers Casualty Co., 178 Colo. 58, 495 P.2d 554 (1972); Mason v. Celina Mutual Insurance Co., 161 Colo. 442, 423 P.2d 24 (1967). To establish the requisite causal relationship, the claimant must establish that the accident would not have occurred but for the vehicle's use. Titan Construction Co. v. Nolf, 183 Colo. 188, 515 P.2d 1123 (1973). See also, Trinity Universal Insurance Co. v. Hall, 690 P.2d 227, 230 (Colo. 1984). The claimant need not establish that the accident occurred while the vehicle was moving, or that the vehicle was the sole cause of the accident; it is sufficient that the claimants demonstrate that the injury "originated in," "grew out of," or "flowed from" a use of a vehicle. Azar v. Employers Casualty Co., 178 Colo. at 61, 495 P.2d at 555 (citations omitted).
Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, the claimants cannot prevail if they fail to establish a causal connection between the vehicle's use and the accidental shooting. A causal connection exists if the claimants prove that the accident would not have occurred but for a conceivable use of the vehicle that is not foreign to its inherent purpose. See Trinity Universal Insurance Co. v. Hall, 690 P.2d 227 (Colo. 1984); Titan Construction Co. v. Nolf, 183 Colo. 188, 515 P.2d 1123 (1973). The test is well established in Colorado, and represents the clear majority view. See 1 R. Long, Law of Liability Insurance § 1.24 at 1-105 (1986). In Dairyland Insurance Co. v. Drum, 193 Colo. 519, 568 P.2d 459 (1977), we recognized that courts in other jurisdictions have applied six different tests to determine whether a causal connection exists between an injury and a use of the insured vehicle: "(1) The dangerous situation causing injury must have its source in the use of the automobile; (2) The chain of events resulting in the accident must originate in the use of the automobile and be unbroken by the intervention of any event which has no direct or substantial relation to the use of the vehicle; (3) The accident must be a natural and reasonable incident or consequence of the use of the vehicle for the purposes contemplated by the policy, although not necessarily foreseen or expected; (4) The accident must be one which can be `immediately identified' with the use of the automobile as contemplated by the parties to the policy; (5) The accident must be of a type reasonably associated with the use of the automobile as contemplated by the contracting parties; (6) The accident must be one which would not have happened `but for' the use of the automobile." Although the six tests enunciated in Dairyland were helpful in resolving that case, they are disapproved to the extent they are inconsistent with this opinion.
Union asserts that transportation of a rifle for the purpose of hunting is not a use within the inherent purpose of Weaver's jeep. We do not agree. The transportation of hunters and their weapons to areas where they can pursue their sport is undeniably a conceivable use of a four-wheel-drive vehicle. A jeep is specially designed to perform on the rugged terrain often associated with hunting areas, and Weaver had installed a gun rack in his vehicle to facilitate that use of his jeep. This case is therefore distinguishable from those in which an automobile was used for a purpose foreign to its design. See, e.g., Norgaard v. Nodak Mutual Insurance Co., 201 N.W.2d 871 (N.D. 1972) (the insured's use of his parked vehicle as a gun rest was not a covered use within the meaning of the insured's automobile policy); Hutchins v. Mills, 363 So.2d 818 (Fla.App. 1978) (an automobile liability insurance policy did not provide coverage for the accidental shooting of another while the insured was standing in the bed of his parked truck), cert. denied, 368 So.2d 1368 (Fla. 1979). We therefore hold that Weaver's use of the jeep for transportation and to carry his weapon for hunting purposes is a covered use that may form the basis of a compensable claim.
Union also contends that Weaver's use of his jeep was not causally related to the rifle's accidental discharge. We disagree. In Titan Construction Co. v. Nolf, 183 Colo. 188, 515 P.2d 1123 (1973), we held that an insurer was liable to a worker who was injured during the unloading of a cement truck when a pipe connected to the truck knocked a brick off the roof of a building under construction. We stated:
"[Causation exists] if the accident would not have occurred except for the unloading of the insured vehicle. . . . We do not hold that the "but for" doctrine should apply when there is a lack of relationship between the truck and the accident. We suppose that, at least until further cases are determined by the Court of Appeals and this court, the sufficiency of the causative relationship must be made on an ad hoc basis. We hold that there was a sufficient relationship here."
We correctly noted in Titan Construction Co. that there is a distinction between injuries that are related to the use of an automobile, and injuries that are related to an automobile only because they coincidentally occurred in the vehicle. That distinction supported our decisions in Mason v. Celina Mutual Insurance Co., 161 Colo. 442, 423 P.2d 24 (1967), and Azar v. Employers Casualty Co., 178 Colo. 58, 495 P.2d 554 (1972), in which we held that firearm injuries occurring fortuitously in an automobile did not arise from the "use" of the insured vehicle. In Mason, we held that injuries occurring while three youths were toying with a pistol in the insured's vehicle did not arise out of a covered use of the automobile. We stated:
"Here no causal connection between the discharge of the pistol and the stopped vehicle was shown, as is required to afford coverage under such a policy. Even though in a technical sense it might be argued that Donald was using the vehicle at the time the shot was fired, for he was sitting in it, such a use, however, is not the type of use contemplated by the policy in question where the injury would have to be one originating from the use of the vehicle as such."
Id. at 444, 423 P.2d at 25.
In Azar, a hunter attempted to shoot a rabbit from inside his parked automobile. As he was bringing the rifle back into the car, the weapon discharged and injured his companion. We rejected the victim's claim that the insured's policy covered the accident, and said:
"No contention was made that the vehicle in any way contributed to or was connected with accidental discharge of the firearm. The only relationship of the vehicle to the accident was the presence of the tort-feasor and the injured person in the automobile at the time of the infliction of the injuries. . . . In our view, it cannot reasonably be said that the discharge of the weapon in this case originated from, grew out of or flowed from the use of the vehicle. Rather, the injury originated from, grew out of or flowed from the use of the firearm."
Id. at 60-61, 496 P.2d at 555. See also Carter v. Grain Dealers Mutual Insurance Co., 10 Ark. App. 16, 660 S.W.2d 952 (1983) (where the only connection between a shooting and the use of the vehicle was that the shooting victim and the insured happened to be in the automobile when the accident occurred, the victim's estate could not recover accidental death benefits under the insured's policy); Love v. Farmers Insurance Group, 121 Ariz. 71, 588 P.2d 364 (Ariz.App. 1978) (the beating death of the insured inside his own vehicle was not causally related to the ownership, use, and maintenance of his automobile).
In the present case, the evidence is clear that the claimants' injuries were causally related to the use of Weaver's jeep. The accident occurred while Weaver was lifting the rifle out of the jeep's gun rack preparatory to unloading the rifle and safely storing it for the journey home. Weaver's actions were intimately related to his use of the vehicle as transportation for himself and his rifle from a mountain hunting area to his home in Canon City.
The case is therefore distinguishable from Mason v. Celina Mutual Insurance Co., 161 Colo. 442, 423 P.2d 24 (1967) and Azar v. Employers Casualty Co., 178 Colo. 58, 495 P.2d 554 (1972), noted above, because the accident here was not merely coincidental to the use of the automobile. The undisputed facts establish that but for Weaver's attempt to secure the rifle for the purpose of transporting himself and the rifle to Canon City, the claimants would not have been injured. The claimants need only show that the covered use of Weaver's jeep was an actual cause of their injuries. We are satisfied that they have met that minimal burden.
The accidental discharge of Weaver's rifle did not "merely [happen] to occur in or near" Weaver's vehicle, as the dissent asserts. The shooting would not have occurred if Weaver had not been engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to secure the rifle for a safe journey home. Weaver's motivation in moving the rifle was incident to the transportation of the rifle in the jeep. This case is therefore distinguishable from those cited by the dissent in which the accident, although occurring inside the vehicle, was not related to a use of the vehicle.
Our conclusion is consistent with the settled rule that injuries resulting from the adjustment of cargo and the loading and unloading of vehicles are causally related to a proper use. See, e.g., International Business Machines Corp. v. Truck Insurance Exchange, 2 Cal.3d 1026, 89 Cal.Rptr. 615, 474 P.2d 431 (1970) (the "use" of a vehicle for purposes of an automobile insurance policy includes its loading, unloading and the complete operation of pickup and delivery); Viani v. Aetna Insurance Co., 95 Idaho 22, 501 P.2d 706 (1972) (a sportsman who was injured by the discharge of a concealed gun while the defendant was unloading camping equipment suffered a compensable injury); Oklahoma Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. v. Mouse, 268 P.2d 886 (Okla. 1953) (a driver who fell from his truck while adjusting cargo suffered injuries as a result of the "ownership, maintenance or use" of that vehicle).
Accordingly, the court of appeals decision is reversed. The case is remanded to the court of appeals with directions to reverse the trial court's order denying the claimants' motion for summary judgment.
JUSTICE ROVIRA dissents, and JUSTICE KIRSHBAUM and JUSTICE VOLLACK join in the dissent.