Opinion
Argued May 17, 1918
Decided May 28, 1918
Edgar T. Brackett, Thomas J. O'Neill and Leonard F. Fish for appellant.
E.R. Brumley and Charles M. Sheafe, Jr., for respondent.
The Appellate Division has reversed a judgment in favor of the plaintiff and dismissed the complaint on the ground that the evidence would not justify a finding that one Charles E. Knowles and his master, the defendant, were engaged in interstate commerce at the time of the death of the former. We cannot reach the same result.
Knowles was employed in the freight yards of the defendant at New Haven, Connecticut. He was one of a crew of a switch engine used in making up trains that ran from and breaking up trains that ran into what was known as the "canal division" of these yards. This division was used exclusively for interstate trains, although some of such trains carried intrastate cars as well, which were moved by the engine when taken from or added to the trains. Knowles' work began at midnight. He was killed some eight minutes before that hour. He had entered the yard and was on his way to report and obtain his working clothes from a shanty where they were kept when he was run down by an engine.
There can be no doubt that the engine on which Knowles was employed was engaged in interstate commerce. ( N.Y.C. H.R.R.R. Co. v. Carr, 238 U.S. 260.) But can it be said that Knowles was so engaged while on his way to take his place in such commerce? In answering this question in the negative the Appellate Division has relied upon Erie Railroad Co. v. Welsh ( 242 U.S. 303, 306). A yard conductor was engaged in a series of separate tasks, some relating to interstate and some to intrastate commerce. After finishing one connected with an interstate car and while seeking new orders he was injured. Although his new orders, had he received them, would have required him to again engage in interstate commerce, the Supreme Court held that at the time of the injury he was not so engaged. "The true test is the nature of the work being done at the time of the injury, and the mere expectation that plaintiff would presently be called upon to perform a task in interstate commerce is not sufficient to bring the case within the act." Had the switch engine upon which Knowles worked been engaged, now in interstate, now in intrastate commerce, and had he been injured after finishing one job and before beginning another, this case would be in point.
The real question here, however, is not that of a servant passing from hour to hour from one class of employment to another, but of a servant, upon his master's property, on his way to presently perform duties connected with interstate commerce. While the test is the nature of the work done at the time of the injury, the Supreme Court had held ( North Carolina R.R. Co. v. Zachary, 232 U.S. 248) that this rule is not to be construed so narrowly as to require the servant to be actually engaged in work connected with interstate commerce at the precise moment when the accident occurs. If that is his general employment, his temporary absence while still on his employer's premises, not inconsistent with his duties, is immaterial. A later case ( Erie Railroad Co. v. Winfield, 244 U.S. 170, 173) is, however, decisive in principle of the question before us. A servant having finished his work and in leaving the railroad yards was killed. It was held that he had been employed in interstate commerce, and the court said: "In leaving the carrier's yard at the close of his day's work the deceased was but discharging a duty of his employment. Like his trip through the yard to his engine in the morning, it was a necessary incident of his day's work and partook of the character of that work as a whole."
So, in walking through his employer's yards to reach his place of work with that purpose solely in view, and with the time when that work must begin closely approaching, he is performing a duty which his master requires of him, a necessary incident to his work, and when killed under such circumstances it would be a narrow construction to hold that in the language of the federal statute he is not then "employed by such carrier in such commerce."
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the judgment of the Appellate Division should be reversed and that of the Trial Term reinstated, with costs in the Appellate Division and in this court.
CARDOZO, POUND, McLAUGHLIN and CRANE, JJ., concur; CUDDEBACK, J., dissenting; HISCOCK, Ch. J., not sitting.
Judgment reversed, etc.