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In Knight, we held that expert testimony tending to negate any reasonable hypothesis of an accidental cause effectively overcame the presumption of accident and furnished sufficient support for the fact finder's conclusion that the fire was of incendiary origin.
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44446 Record No. 820328.
March 11, 1983
Present: Carrico, C.J., Cochran, Poff, Compton, Thompson, Stephenson and Russell, JJ.
Justice Thompson participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to the effective date of his retirement on March 2, 1983.
Under Code Sec. 18.2-95 (grand larceny) the statutory amount is a requisite for conviction and the evidence of the amount is insufficient for the Commonwealth to carry its burden of proof on this point; evidence supports conviction of defendant under arson statute (Code Sec. 18.2-82) statutory requirement being presence of defendant with intent to commit felony which includes statutory burglary under Code Sec. 18.2-91; other issues.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Grand Larceny — Statutory Construction — Grand Larceny Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-95) — Burden of Proof — Value of Goods Specified is Essential Element of Crime and Commonwealth Has Burden of Proving Value Beyond a Reasonable Doubt.
(2) Criminal Procedure — Grand Larceny — Grand Larceny Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-95) — Burden of Proof — Evidence — Insufficient to Establish Value of Goods Stolen and Commonwealth Fails in Its Burden of Proof under Code Sec. 18.2-95.
(3) Criminal Procedure — Arson — Statutory Construction — Burning Building or Structure While in It With Intent to Commit Felony (Code Sec. 18.2-82) — Burden of Proof — Evidence — Circumstantial — While Commonwealth has Burden of Proving Incendiary Origin of Fire and that Defendant was Guilty Agent, Evidence Leaves no Doubt that Fire was Incendiary and Defendant Guilty as one of Principal Criminal Agents.
(4) Criminal Procedure — Arson — Statutory Construction — Burning Building or Structure While In It With Intent to Commit Felony (Code Sec. 18.2-82) — Entering Dwelling House, Etc., With Intent to Commit larceny or Other Felony (Code Sec. 18.2-91) — Felonious Larceny not Required Under Code Sec. 18.2-82 for Conviction, Statutory Burglary Under Code Sec. 18.2-91 Being Felony and Sufficient for Arson Conviction Under Code Sec. 18.2-82.
(5) Criminal Procedure — Arson — Indictment — Statutory Construction — Burning Building or Structure While in It With Intent to Commit Felony (Code Sec. 18.2-82) — Legislative Intent Was to Enlarge Compass of Chapter by Including Buildings Burning of Which Was Not Otherwise Proscribed Indictment Properly Laid Under Code Sec. 18.2-82.
Showker locked her department store, a multipurpose building, at 9:35 p.m. on 13 March 1981. At 10:25 p.m., she received a telephone call that the store was on fire. During that interval, Larry Sprouse saw defendant and Preston Knight enter and leave the store. Sprouse testified that when they came out, Preston was carrying a light blue jean coat. Later, Sprouse learned that defendant had taken one or two Mickey Mouse watches as had Preston. David Showker, Jr., Showker's brother, inspected the premises after the fire and testified that he noticed a few jackets and several watches were missing. He estimated the total value of the missing merchandise to be around $300.00. Defendant was convicted of statutory burglary under Code Sec. 18.2-91 and sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for twelve years with ten years suspended. He was also convicted of grand larceny and arson and sentenced to two years for grand larceny under Code Sec. 18.2-95 and two years for arson under Code Sec. 18.2-82. He appeals the larceny and arson convictions.
1. The value of the goods specified in the grand larceny statute (Code Sec. 18.2-95) is an essential element of the crime. The Commonwealth has the burden of proving that element beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. The Commonwealth failed in its burden of proof on the grand larceny conviction, the estimate of the value of the property stolen being a mere random guess and the evidence thus being insufficient to prove the value of the goods specified in Code Sec. 18.2-95.
3. Under Code Sec. 18.2-82, the Commonwealth has the burden of proving that the fire was of incendiary origin and that the defendant was the guilty agent in the burning. The origin of a fire is a question of fact, often turning on circumstantial evidence. Here the evidence overcomes the presumption of accident and leaves no doubt that the defendant was guilty as one of the principal criminal agents.
4. Under Code Sec. 18.2-82, it is not required that the defendant be in the building with the intent to commit a felonious larceny, the intent to commit a felony being sufficient. The evidence being undisputed that defendant intended to commit and did commit statutory burglary under Code Sec. 18.2-91. Statutory burglary is a felony when the intent is to commit larceny whether grand or petit, evidence as to the value of the goods stolen thus being immaterial on the arson conviction.
5. The legislative intent in Code Sec. 18.2-82 in proscribing the burning of "any building or other structure . . . the burning of which is not punishable under any other section of this chapter" was to enlarge the compass of the chapter by including buildings, the burning of which was not otherwise proscribed. The building burned, being a multipurpose structure, does not fit the definitions in the chapter of other buildings. The indictment thus was laid properly under Code Sec. 18.2-82.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Augusta County. Hon. William S. Moffett, Jr., judge presiding.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
William E. Bobbitt, Jr., for appellant.
Thomas D. Bagwell, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General; Linwood T. Wells, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Convicted in a bench trial, Jack Wayne Knight was sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for 12 years with 10 suspended for statutory burglary, Code Sec. 18.2-91, two years for grand larceny, Sec. 18.2-95, and two years for arson, Sec. 18.2-82. Defendant assigns error to the larceny and arson convictions.
The situs of the crimes was Showker's Department Store. The store was located on the first floor of a building containing two apartments on the second floor. Blanche Showker, the owner, locked the store at 9:35 p.m. on March 13, 1981. At 10:25 p.m., she received a telephone call advising her that the store was afire. The fire was extinguished before it reached the apartments, and some of the merchandise suffered only smoke damage.
The Commonwealth proved by eyewitness testimony that defendant and Preston Knight broke the lock on the door, entered the store, and stole a number of items. Larry Sprouse, who saw the burglars enter, testified that when they came out, Preston was carrying "a light blue jean coat". Later, Sprouse learned that defendant had taken "one or two" Mickey Mouse watches and Preston "a couple". This testimony was never contradicted, and defendant raised no challenge to the burglary conviction at trial or on appeal. Attacking his conviction of grand larceny, defendant contends that the Commonwealth failed "to establish that the value of the items taken was in excess of $200" as required under the amendment to Sec. 18.2-95, Acts 1980, c. 175.
David Showker, Jr., who described himself as a farmer, had assisted his sister Blanche in the operation of her store for more than 30 years. After the blaze was extinguished, Showker inspected the premises. He found that "a group of jackets" which he had examined earlier that day had escaped the fire, and he "noticed a few of those were missing." He also found "several watches missing out of the case." He estimated the price range of the jackets at $20.00 to "[m]aybe $45.00" and the watches at "$19.00 to about $35.00 or $40.00." Asked if he had "made an effort to approximate a value of these watches and jackets," Showker said, "I would say, just guessing, that was missing, was probably around $300.00 worth, or more."
The value of the goods specified in the grand larceny statute is an essential element of the crime, and the Commonwealth bears the burden of proving that element beyond a reasonable doubt.
Proof that an article has some value is sufficient to warrant a conviction of petit larceny, but where the value of the thing stolen determines the grade of the offense, the value must be alleged and the Commonwealth must prove the value to be the statutory amount.
Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 139, 82 S.E.2d 603, 607 (1954).
Defendant concedes sufficiency of the proof of petit larceny. But he argues, and we agree, that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction of grand larceny. It is impossible to determine from the evidence the Commonwealth produced at trial how many of which items were stolen, the value of any individual item, or the cumulative value of all. At best, Showker's estimate was a random guess. As we said in Dunn v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 704, 705-06, 284 S.E.2d 792, 793 (1981), "the verdict could have been based only upon speculation and conjecture and cannot be permitted to stand."
Defendant was convicted of a violation of Code Sec. 18.2-82 which provides:
If any person while in any building or other structure unlawfully, with intent to commit a felony therein, shall burn or cause to be burned, in whole or in part, such building or other structure, the burning of which is not punishable under any other section of this chapter, he shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony.
On appeal, defendant relies upon the presumption that a fire was caused by accident and invokes the rule that "the Commonwealth ha[s] the burden of proving that the fire . . . was of incendiary origin and that the defendant was the guilty agent in the burning." Simmons v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 778, 782, 160 S.E.2d 569, 573 (1968).
But this presumption is rebuttable. Whether the origin of a fire was accidental or incendiary is a question of fact, and resolution of that question may, and often must, turn upon the weight of circumstantial evidence. Virginia State Police Arson Investigator D. D. Kelley testified that, because the damage was only partial, it was easy to determine, as he did, that the fire started at a point on the floor beneath a rack of dresses. The dresses were inherently flammable, there were no volatile liquids nearby, and tests conducted by the forensic laboratory verified Kelley's opinion that no accelerants were involved. Although there were "no electrical boxes or wiring in that vicinity" and "the current had been on when the fire department arrived", Kelley checked the entire electrical system and found no "shorts" or malfunctions. Nor could he find any evidence symptomatic of a fire caused by lightning.
We are of opinion that the evidence effectively overcomes the presumption of accident and fairly supports the trial court's conclusion that the fire was of incendiary origin. And the evidence, circumstantial and direct, leaves no reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty as one of the principal criminal agents. Blanche Showker locked the store at 9:35 p.m. The fire was reported at 10:25 p.m. During that interval, Sprouse saw defendant and Preston Knight enter and leave the store. Asked if he saw a flame, Sprouse testified, "I thought I did but I couldn't be sure." He explained, "I was drunk and [I] seen a glitter, but it could have been a light shining [in] the window."
Code Sec. 18.2-82 requires the Commonwealth to prove that the burning occurred while the accused was in the building "with intent to commit a felony". Defendant argues that "if the evidence is sufficient only to prove petit larceny then . . . the requirement of an intent to commit a felony is not present" and the arson conviction should be reversed. We disagree.
The gravamen of the offense defined by Code Sec. 18.2-82 is arson. That statute does not require proof of intent to commit felonious larceny; if all other statutory elements are established, proof of intent to commit "a felony" is sufficient. It is undisputed that defendant intended to commit and did commit statutory burglary in violation of Code Sec. 18.2-91. Under that statute, the offense is a felony when the criminal purpose is larceny, whether grand or petit. Hence, insofar as defendant's conviction of arson is concerned, it is immaterial that the evidence was insufficient to prove the value of the goods stolen.
Finally, defendant asks us to reverse his arson conviction on the ground the indictment was laid under the wrong statute. Code Sec. 18.2-82 proscribes the burning of "any building or other structure . . . the burning of which is not punishable under any other section of this chapter." Defendant notes that Showker's building was a combination store and apartment building and, accordingly, he concludes that the burning offense could have been prosecuted and punished under either Sec. 18.2-77 ("dwelling house, etc.") or Sec. 18.2-79 ("meeting house, etc.").
Defendant misreads the language in Sec. 18.2-82 on which he relies. As we construe its import, the legislative intent was not, as he believes, to exclude burnings proscribed by other sections of the arson chapter, but rather to enlarge the compass of the chapter by including burnings not otherwise proscribed. Showker's building, a multi-purpose structure which ill fits the limited definition of buildings mentioned elsewhere in the chapter, falls squarely within the meaning of "any building or other structure". We hold, therefore, that the indictment was laid under the proper statute and fairly informed defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.
As to the convictions of statutory burglary and arson, we will affirm the judgment. As to the grand larceny conviction, we will reverse the judgment and remand the case for a trial on a charge of petit larceny, if the Commonwealth be so advised.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.