Opinion
Docket No. 45, Calendar No. 48,457.
Decided April 26, 1961.
Appeal from Wayne; Souris (Theodore), J. Submitted January 6, 1961. (Docket No. 45, Calendar No. 48,457.) Decided April 26, 1961.
Case by William Klovski against Martin Fireproofing Corporation, a New York corporation, a subcontractor, and others for injuries sustained in fall through unfinished roof during construction work. Directed verdict and judgment for defendant. Plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Marcus, Kelman, Loria, McCroskey Finucan ( George L. Downing, of counsel), for plaintiff.
Vandeveer, Haggerty, Doelle, Garzia, Tonkin Kerr, for defendant.
This is an action for personal injuries. The accident occurred in the course of construction of a building. The general contractors were Darin Armstrong. Roofing subcontractors were Detroit Cornice Slate Company, plaintiff's employer, and the Martin Fireproofing Corporation, of New York, defendant and appellee before us.
The roofing work here under consideration was a 2-stage operation. Martin Fireproofing first placed fiberglass (or fiberboard, as it is sometimes referred to in the record) over inverted T-irons. The fiberglass, at this stage of the process, and as placed upon the structural iron work, was not capable of supporting substantial weight. Wire mesh was next placed over the fiberglass and covered with 2 or 3 inches of wet gypsum. After a couple of hours the gypsum solidified and could then be walked upon in safety. Detroit Cornice, plaintiff's employer, took over at this stage and completed the operation by finishing with gravel, hot asphalt, and roofing paper.
The day of the accident was plaintiff Klovski's first day on this particular job, though he had done roofing work before. On the morning in question he rode to the site of the work with fellow workers. Their employer's ladders and kettles had been set up at the north end of the building, where their work was to begin, but, not having been there before, they came to the south end of the construction, parked there, and walked through the building. As one of them put it "Then we walked north through this long building looking for the roofing outfit; see, it had been raining and it was awful muddy on the side so naturally you are going to take the best way through, the best way to walk, so we walked through this cement floor going north, looking for exactly where they were working, see." As the group approached the far end they saw a ladder going up to the roof. Without instruction from anyone, indeed, without reporting for work and directions to anyone in authority, some of them (including plaintiff) climbed the ladder. One of the plaintiff's companions noticed that the fiberglass "gave" as he stepped on it and he put his weight, rather, on a T-iron. Plaintiff, however, placed his thermos bottle on the fiberglass, stepped off the ladder onto the fiberglass, and fell through to the floor below.
Action was brought against the general contractor, Darin Armstrong, and the other roofing subcontractor, Martin Fireproofing. After trial, a motion for directed verdict made by Martin at the close of plaintiff's case, upon which decision had been reserved, was renewed and granted. The case against Darin Armstrong went to the jury and a verdict was returned for plaintiff. This, however, was set aside by the trial court because of error in instructions, and a new trial granted. The appeal before us is from the denial of plaintiff's motion for a new trial against Martin, and from the verdict directed in its favor.
See CL 1948, § 691.691 et seq. (Stat Ann and Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.1461 et seq.). — REPORTER.
As Martin, the appellee, was neither plaintiff's employer, nor the general contractor, but rather a co-subcontractor, plaintiff rests his case upon the theory that he was an "invitee or licensee at the time and place of his injury." It is undisputed that Martin owned the ladder by which plaintiff gained access to the roof. In addition it is argued that "the area from which plaintiff fell was uncovered fiberboard, constructed and under the control of the appellee," that certain others had used this ladder to gain access to the roof, and that there was no other way to get to the roof.
The difficulty with plaintiff's case lies in the facts. Before we can have one legally in the position of invitee or licensee we must have an invitation, or a license. Here is where plaintiff's case collapses. The plaintiff simply saw a ladder, climbed it, and thereby gained access to a part of the roof not yet prepared for the operations of his employer, from which he, unfortunately, fell. Was the ladder an invitation to the plaintiff to climb? There was no express invitation to so use, and as for implied invitation, the ladder's mere presence in the area was not such. Detroit Cornice, plaintiff's employer, had its own ladders for reaching its work and its own equipment. But, plaintiff urges, others had used the ladder. The others disclosed by the record are a government inspector and Darin Armstrong's general superintendent, but invitation to them is not invitation to the plaintiff, or, in fact, the employees of Detroit Cornice as a class. Moreover it is clear that plaintiff did not rely on the user of the government inspector or the general superintendent as constituting invitation or license, indeed, that it was not even known to him. On this phase of the case the trial judge held as follows:
"Now, in the absence of any evidence of an agreement between Martin Fireproofing and Detroit Cornice, either express or implied, for the mutual use of the ladder and in the absence of any evidence that Martin Fireproofing knew or should have known the plaintiff or his fellow employees or any employee of any other subcontractor had used or reasonably could be expected to use Martin Fireproofing's ladder, I find there is no basis upon which to conclude that Martin Fireproofing owed any duty to the plaintiff, either as an invitee, a licensee or as a trespasser."
And, in the trial court's opinion denying plaintiff's motion for new trial against Martin, as follows:
"If possible liability is to be imposed upon Martin Fireproofing because its ladder was used, by invitation or otherwise, express or implied, by plaintiff to gain access to the roof, there should have been, but there was not, some evidence from which the jury could find that defendant knew or should have known that plaintiff or others like plaintiff had so used its ladder, might so use it, or were so using it. The only evidence of the use of such ladders owned by Martin Fireproofing by others than its own employees was that the general contractor's foreman and a government inspector had done so, there being no evidence that defendant Martin Fireproofing even knew about that."
The cases upon which appellant relies, Nezworski v. Mazanec, 301 Mich. 43; Judis v. Borg-Warner Corp., 339 Mich. 313, and Munson v. Vane-Stecker Co., 347 Mich. 377, as well as Florez v. Groom Development Co., Inc., 53 Cal.2d 347 ( 1 Cal.Rptr. 840, 348 P.2d 200), are all distinguishable on their facts. None, in particular, involves the absence of invitation, express or implied, found here. Nor do we have here the problem presented from express permission granted one subcontractor to use the equipment of another. See Arthur v. Standard Engineering Co., 89 App DC 399 ( 193 F.2d 903, 32 ALR2d 408), certiorari denied 343 U.S. 964 ( 72 S Ct 1057, 96 L ed 1361).
Appellant urges also that defendant breached "one or both of its duties to plaintiff, that is, (1) its duty to make the premises safe, or (2) its duty to warn of a known dangerous condition." The plaintiff's difficulty is, again, with the facts. There was no duty upon defendant Martin, one of the roofing subcontractors, to make the premises safe for all who might work there, if, indeed, this were possible of accomplishment in a building under construction. Plaintiff, in fact, was not injured while on defendant Martin's work, using its equipment (there was no defect in the ladder), nor was he injured in an area turned over to his own employer for the performance of its operations but left in an unsafe condition through Martin's negligence. The danger, moreover, in working upon the roof of premises under construction is obvious to all who will look. As we observed in an earlier case, the doctrine of the safe place cannot be applied as controlling where the facts before the court disclose construction work which, by its very nature, involves unusual risks in a progressively changing situation. We find no error in the case.
Porth v. Cadillac Motor Car Co., 198 Mich. 501, 512.
Affirmed. Costs to appellee.
DETHMERS, C.J., and CARR, KELLY, BLACK, EDWARDS, and KAVANAGH, JJ., concurred.
SOURIS, J., did not sit.