Summary
holding that "[a]n indemnity provision which would be invalid if applied to indemnify a person from liability for his wilful and wanton wrongdoing may, nevertheless, be validly applied to indemnify him from liability for his negligent acts"
Summary of this case from Dresser v. Cradle of Hope Adoption Center, Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 14767.
Decided December 6, 1973.
Appeal from Wayne, James M. Fitzpatrick, J. Submitted Division 1 October 3, 1973, at Detroit. (Docket No. 14767.) Decided December 6, 1973.
Complaint by Bill Klann against Hess Cartage Company and Ray Santee for negligence. Judgment on a directed verdict for defendants. Plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Lopatin, Miller, Bindes Freedman (by Michael H. Feiler), for plaintiff.
Plunkett, Cooney, Rutt Peacock (by D.J. Watters), for defendant Hess Cartage Company.
Joseph Freed, for defendant Ray Santee.
Plaintiff appeals from a judgment on a directed verdict of no cause of action. The verdict was directed at the opening of trial, after the trial judge had granted defendants' motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff leased a semi-tractor to Hess Cartage Company, a commercial trucking firm. The tractor, while driven by defendant Santee, was totally destroyed. Plaintiff claims the loss was caused by defendants' negligence. Defendants' contention that plaintiff has no cause of action is based on the following lease provision:
"The lessee shall not be liable for the loss of, or damage to, the aforesaid equipment, however caused, while in use under the terms of this lease."
First, can the language of this clause be fairly construed to absolve defendants of liability for damage caused by their own negligence? The provision in question is essentially an indemnity agreement; the lessor is protecting the lessee from liability for damage to lessor's equipment. The provision here was drafted by the indemnitee, Hess Cartage. Indemnity clauses are construed most strictly against the party who drafts them and the party who is indemnitee. Baker Contractor Inc v Chris Nelson Son Inc, 1 Mich. App. 450; 136 N.W.2d 771 (1965); Meadows v Depco Equipment Co, 4 Mich. App. 370; 144 N.W.2d 844 (1966); Geurink v Herlihy Mid-Continent Co, 5 Mich. App. 154; 146 N.W.2d 111 (1966). An indemnity contract will not be construed to indemnify the indemnitee against losses from his own negligent acts, if such intention is not expressed in unequivocal terms. However, this intention need not be expressed in any particular language or form. Meadows, supra; Geurink, supra.
The clause in question does not specifically refer to damages caused by defendants' "negligence". However, it does say "the lessee shall not be liable for the loss of, or damage to, the aforesaid equipment, however caused * * *". (Emphasis supplied.) We think these words are unequivocal. The provision absolves defendants of liability for damage to the tractor, even if caused by their own negligence.
The question then becomes: Is this clause void as against public policy? Plaintiff says such contract provisions encourage unsafe acts by common carriers and should be declared illegal. Defendants say this clause simply puts the risk of loss on the plaintiff and that such clauses are common in mutual benefit bailments of vehicles.
Generally a party may contract against liability for harm caused by his negligence in performance of a contractual duty, but he may not do so with respect to his gross negligence. Shelby Mutual Insurance Co v Grand Rapids, 6 Mich. App. 95; 148 N.W.2d 260 (1967); Thomas v Atlantic C L R Co, 201 F.2d 167 (CA 5, 1953); Restatement, Contracts, § 574; 6A Corbin on Contracts, § 1472, pp 596-597. And this rule has been specifically applied to mutual benefit bailments. Anchor Casualty Co v Robertson Transport Co, 389 S.W.2d 135 (Tex Civ App, 1965); Eckel v Trencher Furs, 191 Misc. 259; 76 N.Y.S.2d 829 (1947); 175 ALR 117.
A contract of indemnity against one's own negligence is not necessarily invalid. Buffa v General Motors Corp, 131 F. Supp. 478 (ED Mich, 1955); Blazic v Ford Motor Co, 15 Mich. App. 377; 166 N.W.2d 636 (1968). If the performance of the tortious act for which indemnification is claimed under the contract is only an undesired possibility in the performance of the contract, and the contract does not tend to induce the act, the indemnification provision is valid. Restatement, Contracts, § 572.
An exception to the above rules is made for contracts of common carriers and other public servants. In a bargain to render service as a common carrier for compensation, a provision exempting the carrier from liability for its negligence is illegal. 6A Corbin on Contracts, § 1472, p 592; Restatement of Contracts, § 575. In Santa Fe, P R R Co v Grant Brothers Construction Co, 228 U.S. 177, 184-185; 33 S Ct 474, 476-477; 57 L Ed 787, 791-792 (1912), the Supreme Court said:
"It is the established doctrine of this Court that common carriers cannot secure immunity from liability for their negligence by any sort of stipulation. * * * The rule rests on broad grounds of public policy, justifying the restriction of liberty of contract because of the public ends to be achieved. The great object of the law governing common carriers was to secure the utmost care in the rendering of a service of the highest importance to the community. A carrier who stipulates not to be bound through the exercise of care and diligence `seeks to put off the essential duties of his employment.' * * * For these reasons, the common carrier, in the prosecution of its business as such, is not permitted to drop its character and transmute itself by contract into a mere bailee, with right to stipulate against the consequences of its negligence."
However, this special rule for common carriers only applies where the carrier is contracting in the capacity of a common carrier. Santa Fe, P R R Co, supra, 228 U.S. 185; 33 S Ct 477; 57 L Ed 792; Thomas v Atlantic C L R Co, supra, 169.
"If the provision against liability for negligence * * * is for some performance that the common carrier or other public servant is not required to perform as a part of its public duty, it is valid and enforceable to the same extent as it would be if made by one not engaged in public service at all." 6A Corbin on Contracts, § 1472, p 594.
In the lease here, Hess Cartage is not contracting in its capacity as a common carrier. This is not a contract between Hess Cartage and a member of the public for the shipment of goods. Here, Hess Cartage was simply procuring equipment for use in its business. Thus the special rule for common carriers is inapplicable here.
Plaintiff contends, however, that even though this is not a contract by a common carrier in his role as such, the same public policy which prohibits a common carrier from limiting his liability for negligence in his contracts with the public prohibits the limitation in this lease. Plaintiff says the clear tendency of this contract provision is to increase the risk of harm to the public by virtue of Hess Cartage's freedom from liability for damage to its equipment. He reasons that since this lease provision allows defendant to cause substantial damage on the highway without liability for any damage to the leased equipment, defendant is likely to be negligent in the operation of its vehicles. Plaintiff concludes that because this provision encourages negligence on our highways it must be declared illegal.
We think the plaintiff's argument is unpersuasive. This contract does not encourage negligent acts by defendants. The provision does not absolve defendants of their liability for negligently caused injuries to third persons. Moreover, it is essential for Hess Cartage, like any commercial trucking firm, to maintain a public reputation for safety on the highways. It is unlikely that the public would knowingly entrust their goods to a company with a propensity for negligence. Thus, there are very strong inducements on the defendants to exercise a high standard of care on the highways. These inducements are unaffected by the provision in question.
Plaintiff contends that the words "however caused" could be construed to exempt defendants from liability for gross negligence or intentional acts of misconduct. If this clause was so construed, it would, to that extent, violate public policy. But here, plaintiff alleges only negligence. An indemnity provision which would be invalid if applied to indemnify a person from liability for his wilful and wanton wrongdoing may, nevertheless, be validly applied to indemnify him from liability for his negligent acts. Thomas v Atlantic C L R Co, supra, 170.
We hold, therefore, that this lease provision, exempting defendants from liability for the negligently caused damage to plaintiff's tractor, does not violate public policy. The trial judge correctly granted defendants' motion for summary judgment.
Affirmed. Costs to appellees.
All concurred.