Opinion
Docket No. 193498.
Submitted October 15, 1997, at Lansing.
Decided January 16, 1998, at 9:00 A.M.
Hubbard, Fox, Thomas, White Bengtson, P.C. (by Geoffrey H. Seidlein), for the plaintiff.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and A. Michael Leffler and Stephen M. Rideout, Assistant Attorneys General, for the defendant.
Before: YOUNG, P.J., and MARKMAN and SMOLENSKI, JJ.
In this declaratory action, defendant the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), appeals as of right the order granting summary disposition in plaintiff's favor pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). The issue presented in this appeal is whether DNR permits are required before plaintiff may complete a drain project in the Midland County portion of the Kiesel Intercounty Drain Drainage District. The trial court concluded that the project was exempt from the permit requirements contained in the now-repealed Inland Lakes and Streams Act (ILSA), MCL 281.951 et seq.; MSA 11.475(1) et seq., and the now-repealed Wetland Protection Act (WPA), MCL 281.701 et seq.; MSA 18.595(51) et seq. We reverse.
The ILSA and the WPA were repealed by 1995 PA 59, effective May 24, 1995. The provisions of the former ILSA are now contained in Article III, Part 301 of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.30101 et seq.; MSA 13A.30101 et seq., and the provisions of the former WPA are now contained in Article III, Part 303 of the NREPA, MCL 324.30301 et seq.; MSA 13A.30301 et seq. Although the former ILSA and WPA were in effect at the time the DNR originally required plaintiff to obtain permits, the substance of the repealed language that is relevant in this case is identical to that contained in the current NREPA.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 1969, the Bay and Midland County drain commissioners and the Michigan Department of Agriculture entered an order establishing the Kiesel Intercounty Drain Drainage District, which encompasses approximately six square miles in Bay and Midland Counties and includes privately dug drains and natural drainage systems. The drainage district is comprised of three sections: the lower portion and the middle portion, which are located in Bay County, and the upper portion, the subject of the dispute in this case, which would allow the drain to continue into Midland County. In 1971, the Department of Agriculture entered orders of necessity and determination for locating, establishing, and constructing the portion of the Kiesel Drain located in Bay County, but the work was never completed. In 1976, Midland County landowners petitioned for completion of the Midland County, or upper portion of the drain. The Kiesel Intercounty Drain Drainage Board approved the project.
All progress on the Kiesel Drain eventually ceased in 1978 when several Midland County landowners filed an action challenging the completion of the upper portion of the drain. The Midland Circuit Court found no cause of action. Thereafter, plaintiff solicited bids and entered into contracts for the construction of all three portions of the drain. Construction of the lower and middle portions of the drain was completed, and, in 1990, plaintiff secured the necessary rights of way to complete the upper portion of the drain. However, the DNR informed plaintiff that it would have to obtain a wetlands permit, pursuant to the WPA, to complete the Midland County portion of the project. In 1992, the Department of Agriculture informed plaintiff that the proposed project was also subject to the permit requirements of the ILSA.
In March 1993, plaintiff submitted an application for a scaled-down version of the project. Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit after the DNR denied plaintiff's application. The complaint sought a declaration that the drainage project was exempt from the permit requirements of the ILSA and the WPA. Following the parties' cross-motions for summary disposition, the trial court granted summary disposition to the DNR. The court held that, because the proposed project was an extension of the Kiesel Drain, plaintiff had to obtain the necessary ILSA and WPA permits. Plaintiff moved for reconsideration. Relying on Attorney General ex rel Dep't of Natural Resources v Huron Co Rd Comm, 212 Mich. App. 510; 538 N.W.2d 68 (1995), before it was nullified by the Supreme Court, 451 Mich. 909 (1996), the trial court reversed its prior holding and granted summary disposition to plaintiff. The court determined that because the drainage project was a maintenance and improvement project designed to provide drainage to farmlands, restore the watercourse, and alleviate flooding, it was therefore exempt from the ILSA and WPA permit requirements.
II. ANALYSIS
While the trial court decided this case under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the central issue on appeal is the construction of the relevant ILSA and WPA provisions. We review de novo questions of law involving statutory interpretation. In re Lafayette Towers, 200 Mich. App. 269, 272-273; 503 N.W.2d 740 (1993).
A. THE ILSA AND WPA PERMIT EXCEPTIONS
The ILSA establishes a regulatory scheme that limits construction and other activities that may adversely affect Michigan lakes and waterways. Attorney General ex rel Dep't of Natural Resources v Sanilac Co Drain Comm'r, 173 Mich. App. 526, 530; 434 N.W.2d 181 (1988). The DNR must issue a permit before a person may undertake any construction outlined in the act. Id. Similarly, the primary purpose of the WPA is to ensure that wetland habitats are preserved and protected. Harkins v Dep't of Natural Resources, 206 Mich. App. 317, 321; 520 N.W.2d 653 (1994). As with the ILSA, the WPA requires that the DNR issue a permit before a person engages in activities defined under the act that affect a wetland. Id.
However, both the ILSA and the WPA provide for various exemptions from their permit requirements. The ILSA exemption at issue in this case is provided in § 4(g) of the act, MCL 281.954(g); MSA 11.475(4)(g):
A permit shall not be required for:
* * *
(g) Maintenance and improvement of all drains legally established or constructed prior to January 1, 1973. . . . [Emphasis added.]
This language is currently found in MCL 324.30103(g); MSA 13A.30103(g).
The relevant and similar WPA exemption is provided in § 6(2)(h)(ii) of the act, MCL 281.706(2)(h)(ii); MSA 18.595(56)(2)(h)(ii):
The following uses shall be allowed in a wetland without a permit subject to other laws of this state and the owner's regulation:
* * *
(h) Maintenance, operation, or improvement which includes straightening, widening, or deepening of the following which is necessary for the production or harvesting of agricultural products:
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(ii) That portion of a drain legally established pursuant to the drain code of 1956 . . . which has been constructed or improved for drainage purposes. [Emphasis added.]
This language is currently found in MCL 324.30305(2)(h)(ii); MSA. 13A.30305(2)(h)(ii).
B. CONSTRUCTION OF THE ILSA AND WPA PERMIT EXEMPTIONS
As noted, this dispute concerns how broadly the permit exemptions in the ILSA and the WPA may be construed. The DNR has maintained throughout this litigation that the terms "maintenance" and "improvement" found in the exemptions of both the ILSA and the WPA do not encompass the extension of an existing drain, but merely the enhancement of an existing drain. Consequently, because plaintiff seeks to extend the existing drain into Midland County, the DNR argues that plaintiff must secure permits. By contrast, plaintiff has argued that these terms properly must be read to include the extension of a drain, such that a drain extension project, like the one at issue here, is exempt from the permit requirements of the ILSA and the WPA.
The fundamental rule of statutory construction is to give meaning to the Legislature's intent in enacting a provision. Farrington v Total Petroleum, Inc, 442 Mich. 201, 212; 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). The first criterion in determining intent is the specific language of the statute. House Speaker v State Administrative Bd, 441 Mich. 547, 567; 495 N.W.2d 539 (1993). If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted, and courts must apply the statute as written. Barr v Mount Brighton, Inc, 215 Mich. App. 512, 516-517; 546 N.W.2d 273 (1996). However, if reasonable minds can differ concerning the meaning of a statute, judicial construction is appropriate. Heinz v Chicago Rd Investment Co, 216 Mich. App. 289, 295; 549 N.W.2d 47 (1996). To discover legislative intent, statutory provisions should be read in context to provide, if possible, an harmonious and consistent enactment as a whole. Weems v Chrysler Corp, 448 Mich. 679, 699-700; 533 N.W.2d 287 (1995). Statutory language should be construed reasonably, keeping in mind the purpose of the statute. Lorencz v Ford Motor Co, 439 Mich. 370, 377; 483 N.W.2d 844 (1992).
In reaching its decision, the trial court relied on this Court's decision in Huron Co, supra, in which a panel of this Court interpreted the same ILSA and WPA exemptions at issue in this appeal. In Huron Co, the defendant Huron County Road Commission sought to extend an existing drain as well as add a 1,200-foot branch drain. However, the DNR, claiming that the project violated provisions of the WPA, the ILSA, and the now-repealed Michigan Environmental Protection Act, MCL 691.1201 et seq.; MSA 14.528(201) et seq., brought suit for declaratory and injunctive relief. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of the defendant commission, holding that the commission's activities fell under exemptions to the permit requirements of both the WPA and the ILSA. Huron Co, supra at 512-515.
In affirming the trial court's decision that no permit was required, this Court rejected the DNR'S contention that the WPA permit exemption, MCL 281.706(2)(h)(ii); MSA 18.595(56)(2)(h)(ii), limited the words "maintenance, operation, or improvement" to the specifically listed activities of straightening, widening, and deepening. The Court explained:
[The DNR's] analysis ignores the word "includes." The exception states that no permit is required for a drain's maintenance, operation, or improvement, which includes straightening, widening, or deepening. According to Webster's Third New International Dictionary (3d ed), the word "include" means "to place, list, or rate as a part or component of a whole or of a larger group, class, or aggregate." The Legislature's use of the word "includes" in the statute indicates that the words "straightening, widening, and deepening" are examples, but are not the exclusive activities, that constitute maintenance, operation, or improvement of an established drain. [ Huron Co, supra at 518 (emphasis in original).]
The Court concluded that the drain project at issue constituted maintenance and improvement of an existing drain:
The project constitutes maintenance because it will allow the [drain] to continue fulfilling its two functions: to drain the surrounding farmland and to provide an outlet to other county drains that empty into it. The project is also an improvement, because it will allow the drain to more effectively alleviate flooding in the area. [ Id. at 519.]
Using the same analysis it employed for the WPA exemption, the Court also concluded that the project constituted maintenance and improvement for purposes of the ILSA exemption, MCL 281.954(g); MSA 11.475(4)(g). Huron, supra at 520. The Supreme Court, while it did not determine that this Court erred in its Huron Co decision, subsequently ordered that "the opinion of the Court of Appeals in this case is to have no precedential force or effect." 451 Mich. 909 (1996).
Notwithstanding the unexplained nullification of that decision by the Supreme Court, we believe that the Huron Co Court's construction of § 6(2)(h)(ii) of the WPA was a reasonable one, consistent with the plain language of that exemption. However, it appears that neither of the parties in Huron Co (nor the parties in this case for that matter) addressed how § 3(d) of the ILSA might affect the construction of the exemption provided in § 4(g) of that act. Reading the ILSA exemption, § 4(g), together with the language contained in § 3(d), we conclude that the Kiesel Drain drainage project requires a permit under the ILSA. Section 3(d) of the ILSA, MCL 281.953(d); MSA 11.475(3)(d), provides:
It is apparent from the record that the trial court did not have the benefit of argument relating to § 3(d) of the ILSA, nor did the parties even mention, much less address, § 3(d) in their appellate briefs.
Except as provided in this act, a person without a permit from the department shall not:
* * *
(d) Create, enlarge or diminish an inland lake or stream. [Emphasis added.]
This language is currently found in MCL 324.30102(d); MSA 13A.30102(d). There is no dispute that the Kiesel Drain is an "inland lake or stream" as defined in the ILSA. See MCL 281.952(f); MSA 11.475(2)(f) (currently MCL 324.30101[e]; MSA 13A.30101[e]).
The term "enlarge" is not defined in the statute. Therefore, we accord the word its plain and ordinary meaning. MCL 8.3a; MSA 2.212(1); Popma v Auto Club Ins Ass'n, 446 Mich. 460, 469-470; 521 N.W.2d 831 (1994). "Reference to a dictionary is appropriate to ascertain what the ordinary meaning of a word is." Id. at 470. "Enlarge" is commonly defined as follows: "to make larger; increase in extent, bulk, or quantity; add to . . . to increase the capacity or scope of; expand." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997), p 434.
Considering the ILSA's express requirement that a permit be obtained in order to "enlarge" a drain, we reject plaintiff's argument that the ILSA exemption for "maintenance and improvement" encompasses the drainage project in this case, which project plaintiff agrees involves the "extension" of existing drains. We are required to give meaning to every word of a statute; no word should be treated as surplusage or rendered nugatory. Altman v Meridian Twp, 439 Mich. 623, 635; 487 N.W.2d 155 (1992). We believe that the construction advanced by plaintiff, that maintenance and improvement includes extension, would render § 3(d) of the ILSA meaningless.
Plaintiff also cites various portions of the Drain Code, MCL 280.1 et seq.; MSA 11.1001 et seq., as well as numerous decisions interpreting those provisions, in support of its proposed construction. Plaintiff, citing Sanilac Co Drain Comm'r, supra at 532, argues that it is appropriate to consider Drain Code provisions when interpreting the WPA and ILSA exemptions because both of those exemptions make reference not to a particular section of the code, but to the entire act. Plaintiff notes that the Drain Code variously includes extension of a drain, among other improvements, as one of the activities that may be undertaken according to the provisions of the code. See, e.g., MCL 280.191, 280.192, 280.482, 280.535; MSA 11.1191, 11.1192, 11.1482, 11.1535. We think it noteworthy that the Legislature failed to include the term "extension" in the relevant ILSA and WPA exemptions although that term appears in the Drain Code. In any event, we do not believe that resort to the Drain Code in order to construct the ILSA is necessary or appropriate in light of the plain language of MCL 281.953(d); MSA 11.475(3)(d) requiring a permit for a person to "enlarge" an existing drain.
III. CONCLUSION
Because we have already concluded that plaintiff is required to seek a permit under the ILSA in order to proceed with its proposed extension of the Kiesel Intercounty Drain, we need not reach or address the issue whether a permit is similarly required under the WPA, which, unlike the ILSA, does not contain an express permit requirement for the enlargement of a drain. We likewise do not need to address the DNR's alternative claim that a permit is required under the ILSA because the upper portion of the Kiesel Drain was not legally established or constructed before January 1, 1973. For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to plaintiff.
We note that activities that require a permit under the ILSA do not appear to require a separate permit under the WPA. MCL 281.706(1); MSA 18.595(56)(1) (currently MCL 324.30305[1]; MSA 13A.30305[1]).
Reversed.