Opinion
February Term, 1897.
Francis M. Scott and William H. Rand, Jr., for the appellant.
Thomas P. Wickes, for the respondent.
The action was brought to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant.
The accident in which the injuries were received occurred on the 27th day of September, 1895, on Fleetwood avenue, between One Hundred and Sixty-second and One Hundred and Sixty-third streets, in the city of New York. In the summer of 1895 the city caused the avenue at this point to be graded by building an embankment upon it about twelve feet above the level of the lot adjoining it, and practically the entire width of the avenue. The width of the avenue was sixty feet, the roadway for teams in the middle was thirty feet, and on either side there was a space, for sidewalks, of twelve feet eight inches. On the west side there was a flagged sidewalk along in front of the dwelling houses erected there. On the east side, in the middle of the sidewalk space, was a single row of flags four feet in width, and four feet two and a half inches distant from the eastern edge of the embankment. The embankment on the east side was supported on its outer edge by a retaining wall, which at the bottom was five and a half inches from the street line, and at the top was two feet three and a half inches from the street line. There was no guard or barrier on the easterly edge of the embankment. The embankment was constructed under a contract, and was completed and accepted by the city in August, 1895. The contract required the contractor to maintain the embankment to the width and grade of the street, and during the performance of the work to place proper guards upon and around the same for the prevention of accidents, but did not provide for the erection of any permanent guard or barrier on the easterly edge of the embankment. At the time of the accident the flags along the easterly sidewalk were in perfect condition. The day of the accident was exceptionally hot, the thermometer standing, at nine A.M., at 99 degrees; at two P.M., 120 degrees; at three P.M., 115 degrees, and at four P.M., 104 degrees. Between two and three P.M. the plaintiff, a girl twelve years of age, who had been sent on an errand from her home on Fleetwood avenue, just north of One Hundred and Sixty-third street, to One Hundred and Fifty-third street, was returning to her home along the avenue, and while walking along the flag walk on the easterly side of this embankment, about thirty-five feet south of the intersection of One Hundred and Sixty-third street, her foot tripped, she became dizzy, lost consciousness, and knew nothing further until she was found at the bottom of the embankment on the easterly side. She had evidently gone off the embankment, fallen to the land below, and had been seriously injured.
This action is brought to recover damages for the injuries thus received. The verdict was a moderate one, and no complaint is made that it was excessive. Nothing appears in the case to charge the plaintiff with contributory negligence, and this question is not suggested by the appellant on this appeal. The only question argued is that the evidence was insufficient to charge the defendant with negligence, in failing to have a guard or barrier on the easterly edge of the embankment, which would evidently have avoided the accident. There can be no doubt that, as a general proposition, it is the duty of a municipal corporation to keep and maintain its streets and sidewalks in a reasonable safe condition for the public travel; and whether that duty has been performed, so as to relieve the corporation from the charge of negligence, is a question for the jury under the circumstances of each particular case. The absence of a guard or barrier along the edge of an embankment, at the side of a street, road or bridge, has frequently been found by juries to constitute negligence, for which actions could be maintained, and such findings have been upheld by the courts. ( Hyatt v. Village of Rondout, 44 Barb. 386; affd., 41 N.Y. 619; Fitzgerald v. City of Binghamton, 40 Hun, 332; affd., 111 N.Y. 686; Ivory v. Town of Deerpark, 116 id. 476; Maxim v. Town of Champion, 50 Hun, 88; affd., 119 N.Y. 626.)
It is said, however, that the failure to have a guard or barrier along the edge of this embankment was the exercise of a quasi-judicial or discretionary power by the city authorities, and, therefore, cannot be made the basis of a charge of negligence, and the following cases are cited to sustain this contention: Urquhart v. City of Ogdensburgh ( 91 N.Y. 67; 97 id. 238); Hubbell v. The City of Yonkers (104 id. 434); Monk v. Town of New Utrecht (Id. 553), and other cases.
These cases, however, were decided upon their own peculiar facts, and have since been frequently distinguished by the courts in the cases above cited, where this question has been distinctly raised, and the general rule of liability for such negligence has been adhered to and upheld. We do not deem it necessary to go over these cases. The Maxim case ( supra) was a case of failure to have a guard or barrier along the edge of an embankment, and this question of judicial and discretionary power were distinctly raised. A recovery was had, which was sustained by the General Term upon a review and consideration of all the cases here relied upon by the appellant. And the Court of Appeals affirmed the General Term without an opinion. In the Hubbell case ( supra) Judge PECKHAM distinctly recognized the correctness of the general rule of negligence we have stated, but distinguished his case, and showed that the general rule was not applicable in that case.
In the Fitzgerald case ( supra) the Ogdensburgh cases were held not to apply, and the Court of Appeals, in 111 New York, affirmed the General Term, without opinion. In the Ivory case ( supra) both the cases in 104 New York were considered and distinguished, and the general rule was upheld. We think that, without analyzing or discussing these cases in detail, or attempting to distinguish them, we must hold that it was a question for the jury as to whether the defendant was in this case negligent in failing to maintain a guard or barrier along the westerly edge of this embankment. The city very likely could not be held liable merely because the contract did not provide for such guard or barrier, but after the contract was completed, and the work was accepted by the city, it maintained the street without a guard or barrier. The sidewalk ran along the embankment near its edge. The sidewalk was for the use of travelers. And the question whether the street and sidewalk in that condition were reasonably safe for public travel, when this unguarded embankment was so close to the sidewalk, was a question of fact for the jury, and if their condition was not reasonably safe, then the city neglected its duty to the public who had occasion to and did use the sidewalk, and was liable for any injuries caused by such negligence.
It cannot be held as a general proposition that a city may excuse itself from a charge of negligence as to the condition and care of its streets, merely by claiming that it had acted judicially in determining to leave the street in a dangerous condition for public travel. The cases in which any such a rule can be applied at all must necessarily be quite limited, and this clearly is not such a case.
Our conclusion is that the judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
VAN BRUNT, P.J., PATTERSON, O'BRIEN and INGRAHAM, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.